To solve this problem, the agricultural community must implement emerging technologies to improve water use efficiency, nutrient recycling, and soil and water conservation. Scottish farmers are among the most proficient in the use of agronomic inputs to create yield and deliver grain for key markets. Nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphate, and potash are essential plant nutrients for the production of crops used for food, feed, fiber, and fuel. Nutrient Use Efficiency: An Overview Gajanand *, Pradeep Kumar and Bhutekar Satish Deelip Department of Agronomy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University- 848125, Samastipur, Bihar *Corresponding author: gnthori600@gmail.com Edmonds: 2009: In-season optical sensing improves nitrogen-use efficiency for winter wheat. to substantially increase nutrient use-efficiency in order to lower the pressure on finite resources and lighten the environmental impact of intensive agriculture. High N fertilizer input leads to low nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) due to the rapid N losses from ammonia volatilization, denitrification, surface runoff, and leaching in the soil-flood water system. fertilizers will gain widespread use on low value agricultural crops. The indicator can be presented graphically by mapping nitrogen input against nitrogen output. 407-417 ISSN: 1532-4087 Subject: PureAcre Releases Augere for Nitrogen-Use Efficiency in Row Crops. There is rising evidence of a paradigm shift from the use of a single microbe to a consortium approach for efficient rhizosphere engineering in the context of sustainable agriculture. Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE ™) Grower Solutions from Verdesian Life Sciences. The addition of BorreGRO HA-1 to starter fertilizers can improve nutrient retention in the soil profile and gives healthier, higher-yielding plants. Use Efficiency @ Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) at field level with soil health cards and nutrient recommendations improve nutrient use efficiency and cost of cultivation. Cool Farm Tool (CFT), an empirical model to estimate greenhouse gases (GHGs) from agriculture production, was used to estimate GHG emissions under different treatments. The agronomic definition of nutrient efficiency adds an additional component, defining nutrient efficiency as a crop's ability to produce higher yield per unit of nutrient applied or absorbed, compared with other plants grown under similar conditions (Ascher-Ellis et al. The highest nutrient use efficiency always occurs at the lower parts of the yield response curve, where fertilizer inputs are lowest, but effectiveness of fertilizers in increasing crop yields and optimizing farmer profitability should not be sacrificed for the sake of efficiency alone. We’ve discovered a more efficient way to help the microbes in your soil work harder — resulting in higher yields and a better return on investment than anything else in nutrient efficiency. Therefore, it is important to … Non-Microbial and Microbial Plant Biostimulants Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is emitted from soils, N fertilisers and stock effluent. Shen J, Li C, Mi G, Li L, Yuan L, Jiang R, Zhang F. J Exp Bot, 64(5):1181-1192, 18 Dec 2012 Cited by: 37 articles | PMID: 23255279. Review BorreGRO HA-1 prevents phosphorus fixation and complexes metal salts. In this review, we will discuss one such technology, sunlight-driven prokaryotic and eukaryotic microalgae, as a vehicle for both capture and 2. At-Planting Nutrition through banding or making in-furrow applications of phosphorus fertilizer can improve phosphorus fertilizer efficiency and availability. Study Design: A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in a split-split-plot arrangement replicated three times. Excessive nutrient input through fertilization may cause a high concentration of nutrients in the rhizosphere, resulting in the inhibition of root growth and rhizosphere efficiency in the efficient mobilization and use of soil nutrients, especially for P (Shen et al., 2011). Better nutrient efficiency through better fertilizer application, manure management and With no technical breakthrough in sight, it seems that controlled-release fertilizers will have no impact on world food production in the foreseeable future. Using a common starting microbiome from an agricultural soil and compost source, we selected root-associated microbiomes from Medicago sativa in pots over multiple generations under four nutrient amendment conditions: control (no amendment), organic (compost added), low inorganic P (moderate triple superphosphate,TSP, added), and high inorganic P (high TSP added). Fertilizer consumption has increased almost linearly . Increasing the use-efficiency of P in agricultural systems may be brought about by source and transport control strategies. The MDA adopts the BMPs after a review process and works with University of Minnesota-Extension, agricultural organizations, soil and water conservation districts and others to promote and demonstrate the BMPs. For these reasons, reducing the amount of supplemental N used in maize production will have significant positive economic and environmental benefits to world agriculture. Sustainability of any system requires optimal utilization of resources such as water, fertilizer and soil. FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY Land Agriculture 1. use and production on agro-ecosystem in Japan. Table 2. Optimizing Soil, Water and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Integrated Cropping–Livestock Production Systems IAEA TECDOC No. FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY M. Dhakshinamoorthy, Professor of Soil Science, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore … Based on the nutrient supplying power of soils as determined by soiltest values, fertilizer recommendations are made. Nitrogen and phosphorus are crucial to a healthy crop, but growers today are losing too much fertilizer to the air and water. The use efficiency of fertilizer is a composite index of three components: 1. Nutrient Use Efficiency : Physiological efficiency X Apparent recovery efficiency Classification of NUE: 1. nutrient use efficiency is needed because inputs from fertilisers are becoming scarce: e.g. agriculture over the past twenty years has been the achievement of self— sufficiency in food grains through great improvements in agricultural technology with increasing use of energy inputs to sustain the higher yields now possible. NUE is commonly defined as the yield per unit of input. The aim is to substantially increase nutrient use-efficiency in order to lower the pressure on finite resources and lighten the environmental impact of intensive agriculture. Career Point Cares Nutrient Use Efficiency : Nutrient Use Efficiency is defined as the amount of dry matter produced per unit of nutrient applied or absorbed. In agriculture zeolites have numerous applications, as slow release fertilizers, as heavy metal removers, as soil conditioners, and as increasing the nutrient and water use efficiency along with increasing crop yield. Presently agriculture all across the world is facing a wide range of challenges; the important challenges are (a) crop yield stagnation (b) decrease in arable land due to land degradation and urbanization (c) low nutrient use efficiency (d) deficiencies of more than one nutrients in soil (e) declining soil organic matter (e) water availability etc. Simulation of Nutrient Requirement and Use Efficiency in Irrigated Wheat Using the QUEFTS Model. 1, pp. The current alarming rate of decline of earth's natural resources, particularly of the reserves of rock phosphate and fossil fuel, is of great concern for the future of agriculture, particularly in developing countries (St.Clair and Lynch, 2010). In order to make clear the recent status and trend of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in China, datasets from multiple field experiments and published literature were collected to study the agronomic characteristics related to grain yield, fertilizer application and nutrient use efficiency from the year 2000 to 2011. doi: 10.1111/pbr.12371 [9] Hirel B, Tétu T, Lea PJ, et al. J. The objective of nutrient use is to increase the overall performance of cropping systems by providing economically optimum nourishment The elucidation of the agricultural function (i.e., improve nutrient use efficiency, quality, and tolerance to abiotic stresses) and action mechanisms of PBs will permit to develop a second generation of biostimulants where synergies and complementary mechanism can be functionally designed. Although we have the knowledge and general ability to reduce the transport of P from agricultural land in runoff and erosion, less attention has been directed toward P … Improving nitrogen use efficiency in Caribbean agriculture. Air quality, nitrogen use efficiency and food security in China are improved by cost-effective agricultural nitrogen management Yixin Guo, Youfan Chen, Timothy D. Searchinger, Mi Zhou, Da Pan, Junnan Yang, Liang Wu, Zhenling Cui, Weifeng Zhang, Fusuo Zhang, Lin Ma, Yele Sun, Mark Andrew Zondlo , Lin Zhang, Denise L. Mauzerall However, for many African farmers the large scale use of external inputs will remain beyond reach for the foreseeable future. It is calculated by the … Low nutrient use efficiency and environmental pollution. Since nutrients and water are complementary and essential inputs, there is a need to enhance their use efficiency by increasing crop yield relative to that of evapotranspiration and nutrient losses. 32:2107-2122. Yield, nutrient use efficiency and economic profitability were determined following standard agronomic and economic measurements and calculations. Nutrient Use Efficiency or recovery efficiency for each element % = uptake of the treated fertilizer - uptake in treatment \ quantity of … Maximizing root/rhizosphere efficiency to improve crop productivity and nutrient use efficiency in intensive agriculture of China. The Purdue University study’s findings offer strategies for corn breeders who want to continue to improve yields and nutrient efficiencies. agricultural lands; and increasing phosphorus recovery and reuse to agricultural lands from all sources, including livestock wastes, food waste and human excreta. Root tissue density recorded in Jaguar was significantly lower compared to Momotaro York. An important part of this process is to ensure that you use farm management practices that account for the capacity of soils and the crops being grown to remove nitrogen. In contrast to controlled-release fertilizers, nitrification and urease inhibitors are used almost exclusively on agricultural crops. In this study, we developed a system nutrient balance for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to evaluate nutrient use practices in cropping and grazing systems in the Vermelho River watershed (VRW), Upper … Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient required for food productivity worldwide (Giller et al., 2004). This is a very complex feature that depends on the ability to absorb nutrients … Placing manure or fertilizer directly into the soil is most efficient, but other methods such as banding, conservation tillage, and enhanced efficiency fertilizers can also help to increase nitrogen use efficiency. @ 140 million farmers are expected to get soil health cards in India in time bound manner which guide the farmers for rationalized nutrient use and manure management. Therefore, tropical agriculture is highly dependent on ecosystem services, such as nutrient recycling and carbon sequestration, to enhance soil fertility, increase nutrient uptake, and facilitate sustainable production of agricultural goods. pp. DOI: 10.20546/IJCMAS.2018.702.398 Corpus ID: 134328040. Experiments have shown that root/rhizosphere management is an effective approach to increase both nutrient use efficiency and crop productivity for sustainable crop production. Erosion control reduces the loss of all nutrients and improves nutrient efficiency and water quality. Complexing capacity. nitrogen use efficiency in maize on a semi-arid loamy sandy soil Abstract Understanding water and nitrogen redistribution in the soil profile is important to improve water and nitrogen use efficiency for sustainable agriculture. Legume Effect for Enhancing Productivity and Nutrient Use-Efficiency in Major Cropping Systems–An Indian Perspective: A Review. See more from this Division: S08 Nutrient Management & Soil & Plant Analysis See more from this Session: Symposium --Defining Success in Nutrient Management Plans. CHT nanomaterials meet the major obstacles affecting the nutrient use efficiency in modern agriculture, since they could deliver nutrients to plant at a nanoscale size, facilitating uptake. Nutrient Use Efficiency through The Power of Placement. Over the past four decades, the doubling of global agricultural food production has been reached in part with a 7-fold increase in the use of N fertilizers, where approximately efficient tillage and nutrient management practices for sustainable yields, profitability and energy use efficiency for rice-based cropping system in different soils and agro-climatic conditions - volume 49 issue 2 Sunlight-driven recycling to increase nutrient use-efficiency in agriculture 1. A good explanation of the Nitrogen cycle and how N 2 O emissions can be reduced can be found at the Fertcare Nitrogen Use Efficiency webpages.. Nitrogen fertilisers and nitrous oxide. Agriculture consumes around 70% of global freshwater resources and increasing water scarcity fuels the demand for new innovative agricultural … Nutrient losses from the soil in cultivated fields may reduce yields and cause environmental impacts, which are of concern for growers, environmentalists, and legislators. Alliance Ag & Grain helps farmers with sustainable efficiency and profitability though nutrient use efficiency (NUE) solutions supported by Verdesian Life Sciences. ). FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY Land Agriculture 1. The development of new urban agriculture technologies, such as vertical and smart farms, has accelerated rapidly in recent years. Legume Effect for Enhancing Productivity and Nutrient Use-Efficiency in Major Cropping Systems–An Indian Perspective: A Review. It must be corrected for changes in the stock of nitrogen inside the system. Cool Farm Tool (CET), an empirical model to estimate greenhouse gases (GHGs) from agriculture production, was used to estimate GHG emissions under different treatments. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture: Vol. The major challenge in intensive agricultural production systems is to combine intensive production with high NUE, since efficient use of N sources is the basis for combining future food security and minimized negative environmental impact. NUE depends on the production system and its management; it increases as the nitrogen output in harvested products increases and/or the nitrogen input decreases. 1. Using mathematics, technology, and creativity, GIS Applications in Agriculture, Volume Two: Nutrient Management for Energy Efficiency examines the development of nutrient management practices that help producers improve their profitability and energy efficiency. In weathered tropical soil, low nutrient use efficiency can lead to agricultural systems becoming unsustainable. Soils throughout the (2011) Improving nitrogen use efficiency in crops for sustainable agriculture. greater use of organic inputs to enhance the efficiency of nutrient use while reducing input costs. World Phosphorus Use Efficiency for Cereal Production is 16% Agronomy Journal 109:1-8 Grain Yield Level and Nitrogen Response are Independent (maize and wheat) Journal of Precision Agriculture, 12:508 Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Cereal Grain Production with Optical Sensing and Variable Rate Application. Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a measure of how well plants use the available mineral nutrients. Nitrogen use efficiency is based on the mass balance principle and defined as nitrogen output in harvested products divided by the nitrogen inputs to the farm or the food system. Nitrogen and phosphorus are crucial to a healthy crop, but growers today are losing too much fertilizer to the air and water. Dr. Shin-ichiro Mishima: Thank you, Chairman. (2000). The net assimilation rate (NAR) recorded was markedly higher in Jaguar than Momotaro York at last harvest. Understanding the response of spike density (SD), grain number per spike (GN), and thousand kernel weight (TKW) to the application amount of nitrogen and irrigation, and clarifying the contribution of nitrogen and irrigation to the increased yield are vital for achieving high grain yield (GY), water and nitrogen use efficiency (WUE and NUE) in precision agriculture. The practices concentrates phosphorus in the row where it is more accessible to growing plants. Not surprisingly, sustainable crop production remains a major global challenge and has drawn increasing attention among policy makers, business, and the scientific community (Seufert et al., 2… (2016) Breeding for increased nitrogen-use efficiency: a review for wheat (T. Aestivum L.). INDICATOR (a) Name: Fertilizer use efficiency. Increase in fertilizer nutrient input has made a significant contribution to the improvement of crop yields in China. Nutrient use efficiency. Aims: The study determined the effect of legumes in short term crop rotation (cereal – legumes cropping systems) on nitrogen use efficiency of wheat. Plant Breeding 135: 255–278. Nitrogen is the most important nutrient in … The nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a measure of how well plants use available mineral nutrients. Comprehensive analyses and biofortification projects also consider crop nutrient contents when examining nutrient efficiency. In agriculture zeolites have numerous applications, as slow release fertilizers, as heavy metal removers, as soil conditioners, and as increasing the nutrient and water use efficiency along with increasing crop yield. (b ... agricultural, water (nutrient loads in ground water, surface water bodies and coastal Economic or Agronomic input/output ratio—the return per rupee of fertilizer used. Results showed that Jaguar cultivar was two times more efficient in water and nutrient use than Momotaro York at first harvest. However, the introduction of large amounts of nitrogen into the environment has a number of undesirable impacts on water, terrestrial, and atmospheric resources. Food security is a major global issue because of the growing population and decreasing land area. 1924 English IAEA-TECDOC-1924 978-92-0-115920-5 As much as a third of the N in urea can be lost to the atmosphere within a few days to a week if the fertilizer is … Closing the broken phosphorus cycle should follow two main drivers: • Stop or minimise losses, by increasing efficiency in the use of phosphorus, mostly in arable land and the food The Campaign for the Farmed Environment states the aim as more efficient nutrient management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, through better fertiliser application and … 1. Precision agriculture is an excellent tool to improve nutrients use efficiency and a lot of people are coming together to advance with this technology in Brazil and worldwide. Water use efficiency (WUE) or water productivity was calculated as the ratio of potato yield (Y) to total crop water use (WU) (Howell, 2000). Keywords: : Nitrogen, N-use efficiency, NUE, N recovery, soil P, soil K, soil organic matter, soil structure. Improving nutrient use efficiency is essential from economic and environmental point of view. Nano-fertilizers: A Novel Way for Enhancing Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity @article{Qureshi2018NanofertilizersAN, title={Nano-fertilizers: A Novel Way for Enhancing Nutrient Use Efficiency and Crop Productivity}, author={A. Qureshi and D. Singh and S. Dwivedi}, journal={International Journal of Current … Chemical efficiency—the percentage of fertilizer absorbed to the total applied, 2. After four … The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of clinoptilolite zeolite rates in compound fertilizers (N: P: K) on maize nutrients uptake and use efficiency. Sometimes called 'laughing gas', N 2 O is no laughing matter. Alliance Ag & Grain helps farmers with sustainable efficiency and profitability though nutrient use efficiency (NUE) solutions supported by Verdesian Life Sciences. Katia R. Understanding calcium transport and signaling, and its use efficiency in vascular plants. Throughout the book, chapters demonstrate how complex mathematical and spatial modeling approaches can provide the … This problem could be reduced by amending clinoptilolite zeolite with compound fertilizers. NUE is a measure of how well plants use available mineral nutrients. The purpose of this study was to the determination of the optimum levels of biochar amendment made from Melaleuca cajuputi biochar (MCB) and urea fertilizer (UF) for nitrogen use efficiency in upland rice under M. cajuputi stands. Description of Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers for Use in Vegetable Production. Nutrient use efficiency can be defined many ways, but the definition used most commonly by farmers and crop advisers is the crop output per unit of nutrient input. Scientific Reviews & Chemical Communications, 8 (1). The increase in grain production of over two and a half times His presentation title is “Nitrogen Use and Efficiency in East Asian Agriculture-To A Step for Application to Africa-” Okay, Dr. Mishima-san, please. 2001; Wang et al. 30, No. International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), Paris. Further improving nutrient use efficiency is a prerequisite to reducing production costs, expanding crop acreage into non-competitive marginal lands with low nutrient resources, and preventing environmental contamination. Nutrient use efficiency (the amount of crop you get for the amount of nutrients you put in) depends on many factors, including: Crop characteristics : including root structures and root activity, stress tolerance, nutrient uptake (into roots), and efficiencies in nutrient incorporation (into plant tissue) and utilization (movement of nutrients to growth areas) 31, Opportunities for the 21st Century: Expanding the Horizons for Soil, Plant, and Water Analysis, pp. A new approach to nutrient efficiency. Miao: 2009: Effects of weather conditions on yields at Lahoma, Oklahoma. Use of Cover Crops. More than that, it reinforced the importance of generating and disseminating good knowledge. Current: Nutrient‐use strategy and not competition determines native and invasive species respons… Nutrient‐use strategy and not competition determines native and invasive species response to changes in soil nutrient availability In principle, by decreasing the nitrogen surplus over time, the nutrient use efficiency increases. (b ... agricultural, water (nutrient loads in ground water, surface water bodies and coastal By integrating a comprehensive micronutrient scoring method with data on agricultural water demand, this analysis aims to re-evaluate the global water-use efficiency of dietary nutrient … Following the 4Rs can help increase yields and profitability while protecting the environment and improving sustainability. Koch Agronomic Services (KAS) is devoted to the research and development of plant nutrient solutions that growers can rely on for above and below ground nitrogen protection. ISSN 2277-2669 Nitrogen-use efficiency was the focus at a recent field day. More efficient and sustainable use of nutrients in agriculture is an important step to increasing production while minimizing threats to natural ecosystems and resource depletion. (2007). Interestingly, it also plays a crucial role in enhancing the nutrient use efficiency of crops. Nutrient deficits occur throughout the United States, and as crop yields and nutrient removal increase, there is a greater need to be efficient with nutrient inputs. Efficient use of nutrients in agricultural production systems. [1] Generally speaking, nitrogen use efficiency considers nitrogen fertilisers as input and nitrogen content of harvested products as output and reflects on the productivity of agricultural production. Mr Jules mainly grows rice in irrigated lowlands, some maize and fodder plants in the tanety and in the lowlands during the off-season. Various measures are available to improve nutrient efficiency. 2010). Nutrient Use Efficiency Why Balanced Fertilization is Key to Improve Ecological and Economical Footprints Producing enough food to feed the growing world population and reducing at the same time the ecological footprint of the production systems is the … Soil, Nutrient Use Efficiency. Nutrient use efficiency a. Nutrient (N, P or K)uptake by grain or straw (kg ha−1) =  [Yield of grain or straw (kg ha−1 × Nutrient (N, P or... b. PFP = yield (kg/ha) / Nutrient applied (kg/ha) x 100 2. Plant Nutr. Get more out of every acre. The most important strategies to improve nutrient use efficiency … Improving nutrient efficiency by making use of the nitrogen and phosphorus that already exist in the field - … Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to contribute to nutrient uptake under low input conditions. Presently agriculture all across the world is facing a wide range of challenges; the important challenges are (a) crop yield stagnation (b) decrease in arable land due to land degradation and urbanization (c) low nutrient use efficiency (d) deficiencies of more than one nutrients in soil (e) declining soil organic matter (e) water availability etc. It presents a broad overview of topics related to improvement of nutrient use efficiency of crops. Resource use efficiency (water, nutrient), seed cotton yield and profitability of the system were recorded.Result: The experiment revealed that the fertilizer use efficiency and the efficiency of individual nutrient (partial factor productivity) for the crop geometry of 120 x 90 cm and 75% RDF were higher in both the years. Anthropogenic activities are fueled by massive nutrient input. Versatility Trenkel, M.E. Use of digestate from Swedish biogas production in organic agriculture – possibilities for efficient plant nutrient recycling 1004 included in the calculations, irrespective of transport distance, because the methane potential per ton solid manure is 5- to 10-fold higher than that of liquid manures. Water use efficiency in agriculture: Measurement, current situation and trends Bharat Sharma1, David Molden2 and Simon Cook3 Abstract Agriculture is the largest consumer of water and total evapotranspiration from global agricultural land could double in next 50 years if trends in food consumption and current practices of production continue. Excessive uses of fertilizer can create environmental problems such as soil pollution. agriculture, combines the factors of high crop need and environmental risk associated with its use as a fertilizer (Tilman et al., 2002; Weinbaum et al., 1992)}. The nitrogen fertilizer BMPs are developed and written by the University of Minnesota after extensive research. Nutrient Use and Efficiency in East Asian Agriculture Shin-ichiro MISHIMA 1*, Te-Kung O H2, Yung-Ha D UAN3, Yilai L OU3, Hong-Be YUN2, Dong-Bae LEE 2, Minggang XU3 and Youn LEE4 *1National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 305-8604, Japan 2National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon, Korea 3Chinese Academy of Agricultural … Water is an important input in agriculture and rice consumes much of the available water resources of the country. These solutions enhance crop uptake, reduce nutrient losses to the environment and improve yields. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture: Vol. 1599-1620. As a consequence, significant environmental problems (i.e., soil acidification, air pollution, water eutrophication) occurred 10, 11, 12]. - "Slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers: An Option for Enhancing Nutrient Use Efficiency in Agriculture" - "Slow- and Controlled-Release and Stabilized Fertilizers: An Option for Enhancing Nutrient Use Efficiency in Agriculture" Commonly used nitrification inhibitors in agriculture (Subbarao et al., 2006). Agronomic efficiency: it is defined as the economic production obtained per unit of nutrient applied. Indices of Nutrient Use Efficiency 10 1. Use Efficiency @ Site specific nutrient management (SSNM) at field level with soil health cards and nutrient recommendations improve nutrient use efficiency and cost of cultivation. agr. Biological—the percentage of absorbed nutrients that is used for bio-mass production, ADVERTISEMENTS: 3. Nutrient, particularly nitrogen, use efficiency (NUE), is a particular talking-point currently within the industry as government considers ways to help reduce the impact of agriculture on greenhouse gas emissions. 30, … Professor Kate Scow with land, air, and water resources is director of Russell Ranch Sustainable Agriculture Facility where she and her fellow scientists work to make agriculture both productive and environmentally sound. … Nutrient use efficiency on the four vineyards, calculated as percentage outputs minus inputs, is presented and compared with national values in Table 5.

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