They lived by a lake they called Timpanogos. Utah's Black Hawk War (1865–72) is the name of the estimated 150 battles, skirmishes, raids, and killings between Mormon settlers in Sanpete County, Sevier County and other parts of central and southern Utah, and members of the Ute, Paiute and Navajo tribes, led by a local Ute chief, Antonga Black Hawk. Fought in Illinois and Wisconsin, the war was one of many conflicts between Native Americans and white settlers over western land. Black Hawk at the young age of twenty had been extremely traumatized being present at both massacres of his kin at Battle Creek and Fort Utah as a prisoner of war. Utah’s Black Hawk War not only explores political intricacies and broader implications, scrutinizing the Mormons' Indian policies—most notably Brigham Young’s extraordinary "better to feed them than fight them" teachings—but also presents vivid narrative accounts of various raids and battles. This treaty called on the Indians to give up all of their lands east of the Mississippi. Even the rocks were sacred to them. The Black Hawk War was fought between the Ute Indians and the Mormon settlers in central and southern Utah between 1865 and 1872. Now that we have a better understanding of who the Timpanogos are, let's look at the Black Hawk War from their perspective. Every student of Utah and Mormon history must hereafter consider Peterson’s account of the clash of Mormon and Native American cultures in nineteenth-century Utah. (1987). Professor Dr. Daniel McCool University of Utah summed it up succinctly: "We took from them almost all their land—the reservations are just a tiny remnant of traditional tribal homelands. And that's what gets left out of Utah's history. As the war escalated, the relationship between the Mormon settlers and the Native Americans increased in separation. Phillip's great-grandfather Peter Gottfredson also lived with the Timpanogos during the Black Hawk War. He also clearly hated the idea of submitting to the authority of Keokuk and the tribal chiefs who had … Of the many Utah Indian wars the Black Hawk War tops the list. Meanwhile, the Mormons botched an attempt for peace with the Timpanogos at Manti in 1865, when an argument ensued between a drunken John Lowry and Jake Arapeen. For when the world was created Creator touched it with his hand, and so it is sacred and spiritual. Fear and anger turned into hate, when a guard at the fort was shot and killed by the name of Alexander Keele. The place is Utah Valley situated in the heart of the state of Utah. (Published by Wheatmark) - 5 Star reviews! - STATEMENT, M. S. MARTENAS, INTERPRETER Great Salt Lake City, July 6 1853 Brigham Young Papers, MS 1234, Box 58, Folder 14 LDS Archives - Will Bagley Transcription. We failed to do that. A fighter will kill or be killed. Add to his agony the murder of his father Sanpitch, his uncle Wakara, the death of Arapean, and a series of bloody confrontations leading up to the Bear River Massacre where some four hundred of Black Hawk's Shoshoni blood relations are brutally slaughtered, Howard R. Driggs commented, "He could never understand why the white men had shot down his people. From the Makaw in Washington to the Mayan in Guatemala. On the contrary, Peterson shows Young to be a well-meaning, but flawed human being. As a warrior, he preferred 'taking coup' to taking a life. The Battle at Fort Utah (also known as Fort Utah War or Provo War) was a battle between the Timpanogos Tribe and remnants of the Nauvoo Legion at Fort Utah in modern-day Provo, Utah.The Timpanogos people initially tolerated the presence of the settlers, and the two groups enjoyed some moments of mutual friendship. This paper will try to explain the main issues that resulted from the Black Hawk War… I recall the famous African proverb that says... "Until the lion tells his side of the story, the tale of the hunt will always glorify the hunter. Some 70,000 Timpanogos — the aboriginal people of Utah — died from violence, starvation, and disease after Mormon colonists stole their land and destroyed their culture over a 21-year timeframe according to the detailed account Gottfredson learned from the Native Americans. Brigham Young obliged the federal government’s request by supplying Connor with cavalry troops from the Utah Militia. Jake dishonored before his warriors resigned his leadership as War Chief to Antonga Black Hawk. For Utah's Timpanogos there is no exception, they were deeply connected to the land of their ancestors. We had no written laws laid down, no lawyers, no politicians, therefore we were not able to cheat and swindle one another. It was his nature to be humble, kind, gentle, honest, fair and patient in all affairs. Or those who died from measles and smallpox, or poisoned to death their sources of water contaminated with cyanide and strychnine. That alone was enough to start a war. Chief Joseph said, “We have no qualms about color. The Dawes Allotment Act, the Reorganization Act, the Termination Act, the Self Determination Act, and the American Indian Religious Freedom Act. The Black Hawk war began when a group of Sauk Indians crossed the Mississippi and entered Illinois. The Black Hawk War was a series of skirmishes in 1832 between U.S. Army and frontier militia units against the followers of Sauk Chief Black Hawk. - Lame Deer. University of Utah Press, 1998 - History - 432 pages. This treaty called on the Indians to give up all of their lands east of the Mississippi. Utah’s Black Hawk War not only explores political intricacies and broader implications, scrutinizing the Mormons' Indian policies—most notably Brigham Young’s extraordinary "better to feed them than fight them" teachings—but also presents vivid narrative accounts of various raids and battles. To walk knee deep in the blood of our people, or give up our sacred land and culture and accept white man's ways... it was a matter of what's right... our honor... survival... why is that so complicated to understand?". Arapeen was now the Principal Chief of the Timpanogos Nation and faced many ongoing encounters with Mormons and getting on in years by this time, his son Yene-wood, known to the Mormons as "Jake," would continue to lead his fellow warriors as War Chief into battle against the invaders. Whereas a knowing member of the Timpanogos Tribe put it succinctly when I asked if causes of the war were complex, "What choice were we given? Antonga Black Hawk spent his last days on earth campaigning for peace. That's why Black Hawk always offered up prayers before going into battle, with ceremony and dance. As tensions continued to escalate, on February 28, of 1849 Brigham Young falsely accuses a small group of 'Indians' of stealing his horses which led to the senseless killing of a peaceful group of Timpanogos at Pleasant Grove armed with only a rifle and never fired one shot. Read 14 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Or those who starved to death for want of food, run off their hunting grounds. Christian Monarchs decreed that anyone who did not believe in the God of the Bible, or that Jesus Christ was the true Messiah, were deemed "heathens," "infidels" and "savages". George A. Smith was 33 years of age when he initiates the genocide of the Timpanogos Nation. Utah’s Black Hawk War not only explores political intricacies and broader implications, scrutinizing the Mormons' Indian policies—most notably Brigham Young’s extraordinary "better to feed them than fight them" teachings—but also presents vivid narrative accounts of various raids and battles. Native peoples teach us, "Before our white brothers arrived to make us civilized men, we didn't have any kind of prison. In closing, I am reminded of what great-grandfather Pete wrote in the preface of his book in 1919, Indian Depredations in Utah: "It is a half-century and more since the raids and assaults recorded in this book took place, most of the persons who took active parts in the same have responded to the last earthly call, and what information we get first handed must of necessity to be obtained now or never. Chief Executive Mary Meyer of the Snake-Shoshone Timpanogos Nation, who is Chief Arapeen's great-great-granddaughter, she generously provided me with definitive proof that the Timpanogos are the living descendants of the 'Royal Bloodline' of Chiefs Sanpitch, Wakara, Arapeen, Tabby, Ammon, Sowiette, Grospeen and Antongua 'Black Hawk', and other acclaimed leaders in the Utah Black Hawk War such as Kanosh and Tintic. And to some extent that may be true, certainly he was feeling tremendous emotional pain as well. The Walker War, as it is called, continued for the next two years when Wakara was poisoned to death by the very people he had helped. White Americans at that time were unsympathetic to the forced loss of land by of Native Americans I created an E-book on Adobe Spark to explain the Black Hawk War This is the only time members of the Colorado Utes were involved in the Black Hawk War as volunteer warriors subordinate to the War Chief Black Hawk. One elderly Navajo woman showed me the scars in her mouth, she said happened when they washed her tender mouth out with lye soap for speaking her Native language. We tried to take from them their water rights. Utah History. Across central and southern Utah where the Utes concentrated their attacks, Mormon settlers responded by abandoning several towns and moving together in forts. The Records show that during the War, 72 settlers and at The Black Hawk War. ", "Oh yes — there is much we can learn from Native Americans — if only we would listen. No wonder Brigham also said, "It's cheaper to feed them than to fight them." Psychological shock and severe distress spanning more than two decades was for the Snake-Shoshoni Timpanogos Nation far outside their usual range of experience. It all started when a handful of… It put bitterness in his heart; and though he lived for some time with the white people, his mind was ever set on avenging the wrong.". On Zion’s Mount: Mormons, Indians, and the American Landscape. Black Hawk’s intentions in 1832. 1847 was the year the first Mormon pioneers arrived, and it was not until 1865 when war chief Black Hawk, who was also at the point of heightened frustration having endured years of bloody confrontations and assaults on his people and land, declared war. A similar survey taken a few years from now may find John Peterson's Utah's Black Hawk War on many scholars' ten best books list. Complications from the wound to his stomach didn't heal properly and caused him much suffering, he passed over Sept. 26, 1870 and was buried at Spring Lake the place of his birth. Antonga, or Black Hawk (born c. 1830; died September 26, 1870), was a nineteenth-century war chief of the Timpanogos Tribe in what is the present-day state of Utah.He led the Timpanogos against Mormon settlers and gained alliances with Paiute and Navajo bands in the territory against them during what became known as the Black Hawk War in Utah (1865–1872). We tried to take from them their hunting rights, their fishing rights, the timber on their land. Farmer, Jared (2008). Chief Bear Hunter and sub-Chief Lehi both were killed. Eu translated means reeds, and Tah means arrow in the Shoshone language. Clearly Brigham Young started the war, and it was Black Hawk and his uncle Tabby who ended the war through peaceful means as you shall see. Tensions between the groups had been building since the Mormon settlers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847 due to struggles over resources. They also formed local militia to defend against the raids. And what is so amazing about this whole story is that we failed. Moreover, the antagonism of Washington toward Utah’s polygamy, theocracy, and isolationism made Mormon … We tried to take from them their culture, their religion, their identity, and perhaps most importantly, we tried to take from them their freedom. 'Old Bishop', a beloved old Indian, was eviscerated, his stomach cavity filled with rocks and thrown in the river, accused of stealing a shirt off a clothesline. It took an act of Congress, the help of National Forest Service archeologist Charmain Thompson, and the humanitarian efforts of a boy scout Shane Armstrong to find and rebury the remains of Black Hawk at Spring Lake. The Timpanogos Nation, during and following the Black Hawk War, had three Principal Chiefs who were Wakara, Arapeen, and Tabby during the years 1847 and 1898, and other leaders such as Black Hawk were subordinate to the Principal Chief, Black Hawk was a War Chief. Black Hawk, and many other Native Americans, did not accept the Treaty of 1804. Indeed America was founded upon Christian principals; there was no separation of church and state by those who drew their power from Old Testament-inspired Manifest Destiny, saying: "This is the land promised by the Eternal Father to the Faithful, since we are commanded by God in the Holy Scriptures to take it from them, being idolaters, by reason of their idolatry and sin, to put them all to the knife, leaving no living thing save maidens and children, their cities robbed and sacked, their walls and houses leveled to the earth." The first three years were the most intense. It followed that on January 31, 1850, Lieutenant General Daniel H. Wells of the all Mormon Nauvoo Legion sent orders to Captain George D. Grant to "exterminate the Timpanogos," known as "Special Order No. It created confusion and upset the sacred balance of nature the natural order by cutting down trees, diverting streams, killing animals, and creating chaos among all living things thus setting the stage for a major conflict with the Timpanogos Nation, whose only want was to be left alone. 2". The Utes and their allies killed around 75 Anglos; the Mormons in return killed many Indians. Utah's Black Hawk War (1865–72) is the name of the estimated 150 battles, skirmishes, raids, and killings between Mormon settlers in Sanpete County, Sevier County and other parts of central and southern Utah, and members of the Ute, Paiute and Navajo tribes, led by a local Ute chief, Antonga Black Hawk. The Eutahs, the journal explains, spoke the language of the Snake-Shoshone and called themselves "Timpanogostzis" an Aztecan Shoshonian word meaning People of the Rock Water Carriers (referring to rock salt), whose leader was Turunianchi. Black Hawk led the Sauk tribe. [Roger B Nielson] -- Details the names of those who served in Utah's Black Hawk War and how long they served and where. Black Hawk was piqued at his last miscarriage and he simply made war against these people for the sake of war, and bloody indeed it proved to be. The black Hawk War of 1865-1867 is one of the major historical events that Uncle Sam alludes to in the Comic narrative. University of Utah Prof. Daniel McCool explained, "We took from them almost all their land—the reservations are just a tiny remnant of traditional tribal homelands," We tried to take from them their hunting rights, their fishing rights, the timber on their land. The landscapes of Utah are as sacred today as when the Great Spirit created them. I appreciated the care the author took to give us the reader of the beauty of the Native American people. The Black Hawk War was fought between the Ute Indians and the Mormon settlers in central and southern Utah between 1865 and 1872. Continuing our story, the Timpanogos Principal Chief Wakara warned Brigham Young upon arrival, that he and his people were not welcome to settle on the land of his ancestors. I lived not only with the Timpanogos but various Native American tribes throughout North and South America. First, we need to understand the word 'Chief" is a Whiteman's term. It was led on the Native American side by the Sauk leader Black Hawk. There, within a few miles of Saukenuk, more than 120 men, women, and children were held until the end of August, when most of them were released, partly … Or perhaps their intentions are to dehumanize and make a mockery of Utah's native inhabitants. I created an E-book on Adobe Spark to explain the Black Hawk War - Steven T. Newcomb Indigenous Law Institute and author of "Pagans in the Promised Land. The Lemhi are also known as Snake Shoshone as are the Timpanogos. This authorized the governor and secretary of state to procure a medal for each of the veterans who actually served in suppressing Indian hostilities in Utah during the years 1850 to 1872, inclusive. The white population had dramatically increased to about 50,000 at a time when the Timpanogos population is estimated to have been 15,000 to 20,000. He approaches the subject with even-handedness and without agenda. Or those brutally murdered. Dominguez and Escalante called the area El Valle de Nuestra Señora de la Merced de los Timpanogos (translation: The valley of our lady of mercy of the Timpanogos). by CHAD MANIS The “Black Hawk War” that took place in Utah and started roughly around April 9, 1865, was the longest and most destructive war between pioneer immigrants and Native Americans in Utah history. They fought to protect the sacred, and their honor as a peaceful people. “I say go [and] kill them…" said Brigham Young, "...let the women and children live if they behave themselves…" Young then ordered his all Mormon militia to "exterminate" the Timpanogos that led to some of the bloodiest massacres in Native American history known as the Utah Black Hawk War: There were four wars with the Timpanogos in Utah; the Fort Utah War 1848-49, Walker War 1853, Tintic War 1856, and the Black Hawk War 1865. To justify the genocide of Utah's Native Nations and romanticize 'man's inhumanity to man' calling it the "Black Hawk War." In 1847 the first Mormon pioneers arrived in the territory, where indigenous peoples had lived for thousands of years. On July 18th, 1853 Wakara and his brother Arapeen, at the height of their frustration had seen enough and so led a group of their warriors in an attack on Fort Payson. As directed by Young, Utah's Latter … Peterson provides the most thorough account of the Black Hawk War to date. "What choice were we given? His mortal remains was first put on public display in the window of a hardware store in Spanish Fork for public amusement. No, we fed them." Source: Utah State Archives, State Capitol, Salt Lake City, Utah Territorial Militia Correspondence, 1849-1863, ST-27, Microfilm reel 1, Document No. We were really in bad shape before the white men arrived and I don't know how to explain how we were able to manage without these fundamental things that (so they tell us) are so necessary for a civilized society." Bravo, Sir ! (1919). He didn't want to see his people die, yet people typically lay all the blame on him and Utah's indigenous peoples. The Mormon settlers chose the best land to settle, took productive fisheries such as Utah Lake, took timber, drove … It is easy to assume that Black Hawk would be filled with anger and hate and wanted revenge. 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