As such, avoiding the pit falls of the Federal Reserve conspiracy theories and misinformation is at times a futile effort. Except for coins, every dollar in circulation is now created privately as a debt to the Federal Reserve or the banking system it heads.4 The Fed’s website attempts to gloss over its role as chief defender and protector of this private banking club, but let’s take a closer look. They can then turn around and put this money into 30-year Treasury bonds at 4.5%, earning an immediate 2.5% from the taxpayers, just by virtue of their position as favored banks. The Federal Reserve (or Fed) has assumed sweeping new powers in the last year. Normally, the Fed swaps green pieces of paper called Federal Reserve Notes for pink pieces of paper called U.S. bonds (the federal government’s I.O.U.s), in order to provide Congress with the dollars it cannot raise through taxes. The Federal Reserve Bank was born in 1913, the same year US banking scion J. Pierpont Morgan died and the Rockefeller Foundation was formed. . According to the Fed’s website, the control Congress has over the Federal Reserve is limited to this: “[T]he Federal Reserve is subject to oversight by Congress, which periodically reviews its activities and can alter its responsibilities by statute.”. While I have ignored information promoting some sort of Jewish or Rothschild conspiracy surrounding the Federal Reserve, the fact remains that there are international banking interests that manipulate and direct the path of the monetary framework which governs the wealth of nations. If the Fed were actually a federal agency, the government could issue U.S. legal tender directly, avoiding an unnecessary interest-bearing debt to private middlemen who create the money out of thin air themselves. In another bit of sleight of hand known as “fractional reserve” lending, the same reserves are lent many times over, further expanding the money supply, generating interest for the banks with each loan. The Centre of Research on Globalization grants permission to cross-post Global Research articles on community internet sites as long the source and copyright are acknowledged together with a hyperlink to the original Global Research article. The interest on bonds acquired with its newly-issued Federal Reserve Notes pays the Fed’s operating expenses plus a guaranteed 6% return to its banker shareholders. The Fed’s mandate was then and continues to be to keep the private banking system intact; and that means keeping intact the system’s most valuable asset, a monopoly on creating the national money supply. . Who owns the Federal Reserve, who actually controls it, where does it get its money, and whose interests is it serving? These balances are the namesake reserves of the Federal Reserve System. List of Federal Reserve Member Banks 2015. The Federal Reserve is the cornerstone of the American economy. A Hidden Mystery – The 12+1 Symbolism of the Federal Reserve System, List of Federal Reserve Member Banks 1914, List of Federal Reserve Member Banks 2015, The Bitcoin Intelligence Operation and Communist China. Which is why I suggest that the system is a reflection of the whole of the social trust, as opposed to some nefarious system which is covertly working against the disorganized masses. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. a truly “federal” Federal Reserve could lend the full faith and credit of the United States to state and local governments interest-free, cutting the cost of infrastructure in half, restoring the thriving local economies of earlier decades. Its shareholders are private banks. The Federal Reserve’s moving interest rates to near zero resulted in one of the most challenging interest rate environments in our 103-year history. But owning Reserve bank stock is nothing like owning stock in a private company. The New York Times stated that the Federal Reserve Banks would be ready for business on August 1, 1914, but they actually began operations on November 16, 1914. But also on the list are a wide array of trust funds, small banks, and individual investors. The Federal Reserve System does earn a profit in the normal course of its operations, but these profits, above the 6% statutory dividend, do not belong to the member banks. 2. . As an example, the list from 2015 can be further dissected and the percentage of domestic and foreign ownership of each of the member banks determined. So that is a likely place to start. A long list of banks (but not other corporations) is also now protected from the short selling that can crash the price of other stocks. All net earnings after expenses and dividends are paid to the Treasury. I have included a full list from May 27, 1914, which would be the initial member’s composition when the Federal Reserve Act was passed on Christmas Eve 1913. However, ownership of Federal Reserve Bank stock entitles the shareholder to one vote when voting for its regional As such, to blame any particular group, or subgroup, for the calamitous results which Federal Reserve monetary policy has had on the world is futile and counterproductive to developing workable solutions to the challenges in this world of man-made things and systems. These increasingly controversial encroachments on the public purse warrant a closer look at the central banking scheme itself. These trust funds can take controlling interests in each of the Federal Reserve Regional Banks. Tucked into the 451-page bill is a provision that lets the Fed pay interest on the reserves banks are required to hold at the central bank.”3. Unlike the risky derivative debt, federal securities are considered “risk-free” for purposes of determining capital requirements, allowing the banks to improve their capital position so they can make new loans. The Federal Reserve Banks are not operated for the purpose of earning profits for their stockholders. Considering the hegemonic role of the US dollar in this system, it is difficult to write about one while avoiding the other. There are twelve in total, one for each of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts that were created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. In fact, 100% of its shareholders are private banks. The initiative aims to help the Fed manage its balance sheet following its efforts to enhance its liquidity facilities over the previous few quarters.”. www.globalresearch.ca contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. If the Fed’s money comes ultimately from the taxpayers, that means we the taxpayers are paying interest to the banks on the banks’ own reserves – reserves maintained for their own private profit. This has the effect of allowing banks to reduce their reserves of risk-reducing capital and distribute these reserves to shareholders … I have included a full list from May 27, 1914, which would be the initial member’s composition when the Federal Reserve Act was passed on Christmas Eve 1913. No matter how much factual information is presented there are so many which refuse to believe or accept the reality of the human complexity involved in the machinations of the system itself. The answer is both. The fact that the Fed does not get “appropriations” from Congress basically means that it gets its money from Congress without congressional approval, by engaging in “open market operations.”. But is that true? For example, Citibank and JPMorgan are shareholders in the Federal Reserve Bank of New York because those banks have their headquarters in the Fed’s Second District, which includes New York. Here is how it works: When the government is short of funds, the Treasury issues bonds and delivers them to bond dealers, which auction them off. www.philosophyofmetrics.com Member ID Number Member Bank, Shareholder, and Owner Name. Arming ourselves with factual information on the system and how it actually functions are the beginnings to exacting substantial and purposeful change which could benefit all. Ten percent of that is $700 billion. Federal Reserve Directors: A Study of Corporate and Banking Influence - Published 1983 The J. Henry Schroder Banking Company chart encompasses the entire history of the twentieth century, embracing as it does the program (Belgium Relief Commission) which provisioned Germany from 1915-1918 and dissuaded Germany from seeking peace in 1916; financing Hitler in 1933 so as to make a … 2015 LIST OF FEDERAL RESERVE BANK MEMBERS, SHAREHOLDERS, AND OWNERS Data compiled and presented by Philosophy of Metrics. The program will auction Treasury bills to raise cash for the Fed’s use. The decision is the first such move since the global financial crisis 12 years ago, and limits how banks can spend their capital amid the coronavirus pandemic that has caused a sharp economic downturn. If you wish to use copyrighted material for purposes other than "fair use" you must request permission from the Web of Debt and Global Research 8 October 2008, The original source of this article is Web of Debt and Global Research. Her websites are www.webofdebt.com  and www.ellenbrown.com . After paying its expenses, the Federal Reserve turns the rest of its earnings over to the U.S. Treasury.”5. Many of the bank’s stockholders reside in Europe. To the Stockholders of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis: There are furnished herein t h e following statements of t h e Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, including its Louisville, Memphis, and Little Rock Branches: ( 1 ) Assets, liabilities and capital accounts as of Given that less than one percent of the Fed’s net earnings are distributed as dividends, it seems that an investor could easily find much more profitable ways to store their wealth than buying Federal Reserve stock. GlobalResearch Center for Research on Globalization. None of its stock is owned by the government. The purpose of POM has always been to function within well-disciplined research habits and present a factual thesis on the international monetary framework. (See E. Brown, “Bailout Bedlam,” webofdebt.com/articles, October 2, 2008.). If the Fed can demand AIG’s stock in return for an $85 billion loan to the mega-insurer, we can demand the Fed’s stock in return for the trillion-or-so dollars we’ll be advancing to bail out the private banking system from its follies. On January 30, 2020, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System issued a final rule that would update and revise, to some degree, its framework for finding “control” under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (BHC Act). The stockholders in the 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks are the privately owned banks that fall under the Federal Reserve System. A Federal Reserve Bank is a regional bank of the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. Unlike the U.S. Treasury, which took over Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac the week before, the Fed is not a government-owned agency. . The largest shareholders of the Federal Reserve Bank are the Rothschilds of London holding 57% of the stock which is not available for public trading. The interest on bonds acquired with its newly-issued Federal Reserve Notes pays the Fed’s operating expenses plus a guaranteed 6% return to its banker shareholders. The website states: * “The twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks, which were established by Congress as the operating arms of the nation’s central banking system, are organized much like private corporations – possibly leading to some confusion about “ownership.” For example, the Reserve Banks issue shares of stock to member banks. The FED began with approximately 300 people or banks that became owners (stockholders purchasing stock at $100 per share - the stock is not publicly traded) in the Federal Reserve Banking System. FEDERAL RESERVE B A N K O F S T . To be a member of the Federal Reserve system, commercial banks must own shares of stock in the 12 regional Federal Reserve banks by law. The Federal Reserve system is an imperfect, but rather innovative clearinghouse.  Free Books! The Federal Reserve on Thursday ordered 34 major US banks to suspend share buybacks in the third quarter and limit dividend payments to shareholders. The Fed announced on September 16 that it was giving an $85 billion loan to American International Group (AIG) for a nearly 80% stake in the mega-insurer. The Associated Press called it a “government takeover,” but this was no ordinary nationalization. Federal Reserve Statistical Release H.8 puts the total “loans and leases in bank credit” as of September 24, 2008 at $7,049 billion. The Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., is an agency of the federal government and … As most readers will know, the Federal Reserve System is made up of twelve regional districts and banks. Pursuant to the federal Freedom of Information Act, 5 U.S.C. Become Member of Each of the twelve regional Federal Reserve banks are made up from member banks in each region, as well as shareholders and owners. A mere 6% a year may not be considered a profit in the world of Wall Street high finance, but most businesses that manage to cover all their expenses and give their shareholders a guaranteed 6% return are considered “for profit” corporations. 3. These … Why is the Treasury issuing U.S. government bonds (or debt) to fund the Fed, which is itself supposedly “the lender of last resort” created to fund the banks and the federal government? Once armed with factual knowledge the disorganized masses can organize around a social trust which is funded by tax dollars. When the Fed wants to “expand the money supply” (create money), it steps in and buys bonds from these dealers with newly-issued dollars acquired by the Fed for the cost of writing them into an account on a computer screen. . Chart 2. . This is extraordinary. Not the socialized form of capitalism which has used government regulation and legislation to reposition the system for the benefit of a few. The largest shareholders of the Federal Reserve Bank are the Rothschilds of London holding 57% of the stock which is not available for public trading. While the Board of Governors is an independent government agency, the Federal Reserve Banks are set up like private corporations. However, owning Reserve Bank stock is quite different from owning stock in a private company. The Federal Reserve Banks differ essentially from privately managed banks in that profits are not the object of their operations, and their stockholders, which are the member banks of the Federal Reserve System, do not have the powers and privileges that customarily belong to stockholders of privately managed corporations." Member ID Number Member Bank, Shareholder, and Owner Name. As we know from watching the business news, “oversight” basically means that Congress gets to see the results when it’s over. In an unprecedented move in March 2008, the New York Fed advanced the funds for JPMorgan Chase Bank to buy investment bank Bear Stearns for pennies on the dollar. Yahoo Finance reported on September 17: “The Treasury is setting up a temporary financing program at the Fed’s request. The Federal Reserve Banks are not a part of the federal government, but they exist because of an act of Congress.Their purpose is to serve the public. The stock may not be sold, traded, or pledged as security for a loan; dividends are, by law, 6 percent per year.”, * “[The Federal Reserve] is considered an independent central bank because its decisions do not have to be ratified by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branch of government, it does not receive funding appropriated by Congress, and the terms of the members of the Board of Governors span multiple presidential and congressional terms.”, * “The Federal Reserve’s income is derived primarily from the interest on U.S. government securities that it has acquired through open market operations. Each list contains hundreds of line items which would make it meaningless to include directly in the content of this post. After all necessary expenses of a Federal reserve bank have been paid or provided for, the stockholders of the bank shall be entitled to receive an annual dividend on paid-in capital stock of-- in the case of a stockholder with total consolidated assets of more than $10,000,000,000, the smaller of-- The bonds then become the “reserves” that the banking establishment uses to back its loans. The purpose of keeping funds at a Federal Reserve Bank is to have a mechanism for private banks to lend funds to one another. The only real leverage Congress has over the Fed is that it “can alter its responsibilities by statute.” It is time for Congress to exercise that leverage and make the Federal Reserve a truly federal agency, acting by and for the people through their elected representatives. They are the Goldman Sachs, Rockefellers, Lehmans and Kuhn Loebs of New York; the Rothschilds of Paris and London; the Warburgs of Hamburg; the Lazards of Paris; and the Israel Moses Seifs of Rome. These are banking institutions, trust funds, shareholders, and owners of each of the twelve regional Federal Reserve banks. The Associated Press reported: “The Treasury Department, for the first time in its history, said it would begin selling bonds for the Federal Reserve in an effort to help the central bank deal with its unprecedented borrowing needs.”2. An updated members list is also included from the year 2015. Ellen Brown, J.D., developed her research skills as an attorney practicing civil litigation in Los Angeles. The list itself doesn’t breakdown ownership by regional Federal Reserve Banks. Vast conspiracy theories have been presented and laborious efforts have been undertaken to expose the actual shareholders and owners of the system. However, owning Reserve Bank stock is quite different from owning stock in a private company. The Federal Reserve Banks kept $283 million, and the remaining $231 million was paid to its stockholders as dividends. – JC. An updated members list is also included from the year 2015. By continuing to use this site you agree to the use of cookies. The Reserve Banks are not operated for profit, and ownership of a certain amount of stock is, by law, a condition of membership in the System. This website uses cookies in order to improve your browsing experience. There is no social division or barrier on human greed and weakness. The Fed generates profits for its shareholders. The Federal Reserve System is not "owned" by anyone. That means we the taxpayers will be paying interest to the banks on at least $700 billion annually – this so that the banks can retain the reserves to accumulate interest on ten times that sum in loans. Though the lists do not define the percentage of ownership attributed to each line item, it is obvious that ownership of the system itself is more complex than most conspiracy theories and summaries would suggest. copyright owner. I have always made the case that the faults in the system are the externalization of the faults within all of us. Her eleven books include the bestselling Nature’s Pharmacy, co-authored with Dr. Lynne Walker, and Forbidden Medicine. Help support POM and further research by subscribing. For years, the Federal Reserve has systematically weakened stress test modeling practices and assumptions used to forecast bank losses in a recession. LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS… In addition to this guaranteed 6%, the banks will now be getting interest from the taxpayers on their “reserves.” The basic reserve requirement set by the Federal Reserve is 10%. For just over a century, The Fed has overseen the financial system of the US, but its track record has been far from perfect. Source: ** Federal Reserve Directors: A Study of Corporate and Banking Influence ** - - Published 1983. I’d even dare say that the lists appear more normal and everyday than most would have considered. Global Research Over the years there has been much written and discussed surrounding the actual ownership of the Federal Reserve System within the United States. So is the Fed private or public? The Fed periodically reports to Congress, but the Fed doesn’t ask; it tells. It was this money-creating process that prompted Wright Patman, Chairman of the House Banking and Currency Committee in the 1960s, to call the Federal Reserve “a total money-making machine.” He wrote: “When the Federal Reserve writes a check for a government bond it does exactly what any bank does, it creates money, it created money purely and simply by writing a check.”. The website of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York explains that as money is redeposited and relent throughout the banking system, this 10% held in “reserve” can be fanned into ten times that sum in loans; that is, $10,000 in reserves becomes $100,000 in loans. The Federal Reserve was set up in 1913 as a “lender of last resort” to backstop bank runs, following a particularly bad bank panic in 1907. Reuters reported on October 3: “The U.S. Federal Reserve gained a key tactical tool from the $700 billion financial rescue package signed into law on Friday that will help it channel funds into parched credit markets. All of which have been met with the human predisposition for fantasy and misdirection. Chart 2. L O U I S January 3 1 , 1939. Ben Franklin Financial, Inc. Has Received Stockholder and a Required Federal Reserve Board Approval in Connection with its Proposed Strategic Transaction … These are banking institutions, trust funds, shareholders, and owners of each of the twelve regional Federal Reserve banks. These maneuvers are called “open market operations” because the Fed buys the bonds on the “open market” from the bond dealers. 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