[340], The contemporary architecture of Colombia is designed to give greater importance to the materials, this architecture takes into account the specific natural and artificial geographies and is also an architecture that appeals to the senses. [333] Marcelino Arroyo, Francisco José de Caldas and Domingo de Petrés were great representatives of neo-classical architecture. Colombia is located in the northwest corner of South America and is the continent’s most populous Spanish-speaking nation. During the early period of the Colombian republic, the national artists were focused in the production of sculptural portraits of politicians and public figures, in a plain neoclassicist trend. [106] The National Front ended "La Violencia", and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress. Colombia is ethnically diverse, its original people descending from the original native inhabitants, Spanish and European colonists, Africans originally brought to the country as slaves, and 20th-century immigrants from Europe and the Middle East, all contributing to a diverse cultural heritage. The Demography of Colombia is characterized for being the third-most populous country in Latin America, after Mexico and Brazil. An extraofficial estimate considers that the 49% of the Colombian population is Mestizo or of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, and that approximately 37% is White, mainly of Spanish lineage, but there is also a large population of Middle East descent; among the upper class there is a considerable input of Italian and German ancestry. The primary and secondary gross enrolment ratios stood at 113.56% and 98.09% respectively. [336] The quintas houses with innovations in the volumetric conception are some of the best examples of the Republican architecture; the Republican action in the city focused on the design of three types of spaces: parks with forests, small urban parks and avenues and the Gothic style was most commonly used for the design of churches. country comparison to the world: 49. In 1991, Colombia signed and ratified the current international law concerning indigenous peoples, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989. [251] Colombia is projected to have a population of 55.3 million by 2050. There are other national networks, including Cadena Super, Todelar, and Colmundo. [183], The executive branch of government is responsible for managing the defense of Colombia, with the President commander-in-chief of the armed forces. [13], The United States has been heavily involved in the conflict since its beginnings, when in the early 1960s the U.S. government encouraged the Colombian military to attack leftist militias in rural Colombia. Reserves (resguardos) established for indigenous peoples occupy 30,571,640 hectares (305,716.4 km2) (27% of the country's total) and are inhabited by more than 800,000 people. [21], Many of the Indigenous peoples experienced a reduction in population during the Spanish rule[22] and many others were absorbed into the mestizo population, but the remainder currently represents over eighty distinct cultures. In addition, historical figures in the process of independence in New Granada emerged from the expedition as the astronomer Francisco José de Caldas, the scientist Francisco Antonio Zea, the zoologist Jorge Tadeo Lozano and the painter Salvador Rizo. Colombia urban population for 2016 was 38,589,139, a 1.81% increase from 2015. By contrast the narrow and discontinuous Pacific coastal lowlands, backed by the Serranía de Baudó mountains, are sparsely populated and covered in dense vegetation. Population estimates base, April 1, 2010, (V2019) 601,767. In Colombia there are 32 terrestrial biomes and 314 types of ecosystems.  Bogotá, This article is about the country. Spanish, English and other european languages. by the anthropologists working on the site because of extinct fauna depicted. 1964. It is also the country with the most endemic species of butterflies, is first in orchid species", and had approximately 7,000 species of beetles. Among other locations. [257][258] In 2015, 94.58% of adults and 98.66% of youth are literate and the government spends about 4.49% of its GDP in education. Colombia urban population for 2018 was 40,105,215, a 1.95% increase from 2017. Once graduated from the university, people are granted a (professional, technical or technological) diploma and licensed (if required) to practice the career they have chosen. At Puerto Hormiga and other sites, traces from the Archaic Period (~8000–2000 BCE) have been found. An important rhythm of the south region of the Pacific coast is the contradanza (it is used in dance shows due to the striking colours of the costumes). [320][321][322], Throughout the times, there have been a variety of architectural styles, from those of indigenous peoples to contemporary ones, passing through colonial (military and religious), Republican, transition and modern styles. [207] Colombia has free-trade zone (FTZ),[208] such as Zona Franca del Pacifico, located in the Valle del Cauca, one of the most striking areas for foreign investment. [332], The National Capitol is a great representative of romanticism. Colombia urban population for 2019 was 40,827,302, a 1.8% increase from 2018. [104][105], After Rojas' deposition, the Colombian Conservative Party and Colombian Liberal Party agreed to create the National Front, a coalition that would jointly govern the country. These population estimates and projections come from the latest revision of the UN World Urbanization Prospects.These estimates represent the Urban agglomeration of Medellin, which typically includes … Basic education is followed by Middle vocational education (Educación media vocacional) that comprises the tenth and eleventh grades. [221], In 2017, the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) reported that 26.9% of the population were living below the poverty line, of which 7.4% in "extreme poverty".  Meta [135] Colombia has offered humanitarian support with food and medicines to mitigate the shortage of supplies in Venezuela. Mestizos include artisans and small tradesmen that have played a major part in the urban expansion of recent decades. At the beginning of the 20th century, Colombia's population was approximately 4 million. [268], Many of the Indigenous peoples experienced a reduction in population during the Spanish rule[269] and many others were absorbed into the mestizo population, but the remainder currently represents over eighty distinct cultures. [385][386] Colombia cuisine also features a variety of tropical fruits such as cape gooseberry, feijoa, arazá, dragon fruit, mangostino, granadilla, papaya, guava, mora (blackberry), lulo, soursop and passionfruit. In August 1538, he founded provisionally its capital near the Muisca cacicazgo of Bacatá, and named it "Santa Fe". [335] The Teatro Colón in Bogotá is a lavish example of architecture from the 19th century. [265] There is a major migration trend of Venezuelans, due to the political and economic situation in Venezuela. The urban population increased from 31% of the total population in 1938, to 57% in 1951 and about 70% by 1990.  N. Santander [177] Colombia is also a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, and the Andean Community of Nations. On 1993 census estimated 33,109,839 inhabitants. The largest cities in the country are Bogotá, with 7,387,400 inhabitants, Medellín, with 2,382,399 inhabitants, Cali, with 2,172,527 inhabitants, and Barranquilla, with 1,205,284 inhabitants. [24] These sites date from the Paleoindian period (18,000–8000 BCE). [218] Principal trading partners are the United States, China, the European Union and some Latin American countries. [73] Cartagena became independent in November 1811. [110][13][116], Beginning in the mid-1970s Colombian drug cartels became major producers, processors and exporters of illegal drugs, primarily marijuana and cocaine. [205] The average national unemployment rate in 2017 was 9.4%,[206] although the informality is the biggest problem facing the labour market (the income of formal workers climbed 24.8% in 5 years while labor incomes of informal workers rose only 9%). [139][140], The geography of Colombia is characterized by its six main natural regions that present their own unique characteristics, from the Andes mountain range region shared with Ecuador and Venezuela; the Pacific Coastal region shared with Panama and Ecuador; the Caribbean coastal region shared with Venezuela and Panama; the Llanos (plains) shared with Venezuela; the Amazon Rainforest region shared with Venezuela, Brazil, Peru and Ecuador; to the insular area, comprising islands in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. mestizo. 1950 376,000. [396], Boxing is one of the sports that has produced more world champions for Colombia. To the north the Caribbean coast, home to 21.9% of the population and the location of the major port cities of Barranquilla and Cartagena, generally consists of low-lying plains, but it also contains the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, which includes the country's tallest peaks (Pico Cristóbal Colón and Pico Simón Bolívar), and the La Guajira Desert. [217], Colombia is rich in natural resources, and its main exports include mineral fuels, oils, distillation products, fruit and other agricultural products, sugars and sugar confectionery, food products, plastics, precious stones, metals, forest products, chemical goods, pharmaceuticals, vehicles, electronic products, electrical equipments, perfumery and cosmetics, machinery, manufactured articles, textile and fabrics, clothing and footwear, glass and glassware, furniture, prefabricated buildings, military products, home and office material, construction equipment, software, among others. [337], Deco style, modern neoclassicism, eclecticism folklorist and art deco ornamental resources significantly influenced the architecture of Colombia, especially during the transition period. Colombia has four main drainage systems: the Pacific drain, the Caribbean drain, the Orinoco Basin and the Amazon Basin. The National Army is formed by divisions, brigades, special brigades, and special units,[189] the Colombian Navy by the Naval Infantry, the Naval Force of the Caribbean, the Naval Force of the Pacific, the Naval Force of the South, the Naval Force of the East, Colombia Coast Guards, Naval Aviation, and the Specific Command of San Andres y Providencia[190] and the Air Force by 15 air units. Particularly important was the resistance of the Colombian troops at Old Baldy. ", "El colapso de la autoridad española y la génesis de la independencia en la Nueva Granada", "La independencia del Socorro en la génesis de la emancipación colombiana", "Colombia y Haití: historia de un desencuentro (1819-1831)", "Un precursor de la emancipación americana: Antonio Nariño y Álvarez", "Independencia del Caribe colombiano 1810–1821", "Confederación de las Provincias Unidas de la Nueva Granada", "Acta de la Federación de las Provincias Unidas de Nueva Granada", "Cronología de las independencias americanas", "La Constitución de Cádiz en la Provincia de Pasto, Virreinato de Nueva Granada, 1812–1822", "Los ciudadanos en la Constitución de Cúcuta – Citizenship in the Constitution of Cúcuta", "El viaje de Gaspard-Théodore Mollien por la República de Colombia en 1823. [34][35][36], While Colombia remains a mostly Roman Catholic country by baptism numbers, the 1991 Colombian constitution guarantees freedom of religion and all religious faiths and churches are equally free before the law.[37]. On 1964 census estimated 17,484,508 inhabitants. [85][86] Simón Bolívar became the first President of Colombia, and Francisco de Paula Santander was made Vice President. Currently, 80.3 % of the population of Colombia is urban (40,430,278 people in 2019) Population Density The 2019 population density in Colombia is 45 people per Km 2 (118 people per mi 2 ), calculated on a total land area of 1,109,500 Km2 (428,380 sq. Each department has a local government with a governor and assembly directly elected to four-year terms, and each municipality is headed by a mayor and council. It was the only Latin American country to join the war in a direct military role as an ally of the United States. 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