It found there was little significant difference in performance times between men in 1A (SP1, SP2), and 1B (SP3) in the 25m breaststroke. Posted by Michelle Konkoly on June 27, 2016 |, In Her Own Words: Nikki’s Healing Journey, Patient Fulfills His Vow to Fallen Soldiers While Recovering From Spinal Cord Injury, Friendship and Fitness Help College Student Rebound Following Spinal Cord Injury, I See Life So Differently Now: How a Brain Injury Brought Tala’s Life into Focus. S1, SB1, SM1 are disability swimming classifications used for categorising swimmers based on their level of disability. "[47] American swimmers are assessed by four people: a medical classified, two general classified and a technical classifier. [26] A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. [1] Swimming classifications are on a gradient, with one being the most severely physically impaired to ten having the least amount of physical disability. There is even a 150 meter Individual Medley – no butterfly! Official website of World Para Swimming - find out about paralympic athletes, classifications & rules, plus follow the competitive events of this sport. If you want to dive into the Paralympic swimming action this summer but are a little confused about how to follow along, here’s your crash course in my sport. 2012 U.S. Paralympics Swimming Trials June 14-16 2012 Bismarck State College Aquatic and Wellness Center Bismarck, ND Important Facts about the Meet: The 2012 U. S. Paralympics Swimming Trials is a long course competition hosted by U.S. Paralympics. I’ll be swimming the 50 free on July 1, and the 100 free on July 2. Male and female athletes with a physical, vision or intellectual impairment are eligible to compete. [20] People with C5 can perform some actions with one of their arms, and can propel a wheelchair with modified rims that make it easier to do. The third is in competition observation. Because of a lack of trunk control, they are unstable in the water and have hip drag. S11 swimmers are completely blind, and have to compete with blacked-out goggles! ISOD amputee A9 swimmers may be found in several classes. SB means breaststroke. [25], For swimming with the most severe disabilities at the 1984 Summer Paralympics, floating devices and a swimming coach in the water swimming next to the Paralympic competitor were allowed. Classes S11-S13 are for visually impaired swimmers. [15] People with a lesion at C7 have an impairment that effects the use of their hands and lower arm. For example, S1-S5 swimmers compete in the 200 freestyle and 50’s of strokes, while higher classes swim the 400 freestyle and 100’s of stroke. [15] People in this class have a total respiratory capacity of 79% compared to people without a disability. In butterfly and breaststroke, for example, able-bodied swimmers always have to touch the wall with two hands, but if you’re a para-swimmer who is missing a hand or arm, you have an ‘exception’ to this rule. For example, S1-S5 swimmers compete in the 200 freestyle and 50’s of strokes, while higher classes swim the 400 freestyle and 100’s of stroke. [15] In terms of motor functions, people in this class who are C4-C6 tetraplegics may have issues with their biceps, deltoids, rhomboids and rotor cuffs. [22][23] The functional characteristics for this class at the 1990 Stoke Mandeville Games had this class scoring a 0 - 3 for triceps on the MRC scale, with severe weakness of the trunk and lower limbs. They start in the water with assistance for initial propulsion. [45], In Australia, to be classified in this category, athletes contact the Australian Paralympic Committee or their state swimming governing body. To ensure competition is fair and equal, all Paralympic sports have a system in place which ensures that winning is determined by skill, fitness, power, endurance, tactical ability and mental focus, the same factors that account for success in … Classes S1-S10 are for athletes with physical impairments; S1 is the most severe, while S10 is the most mild. They usually swim a distance of 25 meters for each stroke. IPC para-swimming classification The current para-swimming classification set out by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) uses classes S1 – S10 for different levels of physical impairment, with a lower number indicating a more severe impairment. [40] Other swimmers from this class include Greece's Alex Taxildaris,[41] Greece's Andreas Katsaros,[41] Ukraine's Anton Kol,[41] Greece's Apostolos Tsaousi],[41] United States's Breanna Marguerite Sprenger,[41] Greece's Christos Tampaxis,[42] Ukraine's Hennadii Boiko,[42] Israel's Itzhak Mamistvalov,[41] Colombia's Luis Eduardo Rojas Osorno,[41] Ukraine's Oleksandr Golovko,[42] Canada's Sarah Lapp,[43] and Relays: My favorite part of swimming! The IPC organizes the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games, andserves as the International Federation for nine sports, for which itsupervises and co-ordinates the … Swimmers with no arms at all can finish head-first! [11][12][13] When participating in sport, CP1 competitors tend to have low energy expenditure. I’ll be posting updates on Twitter and Instagram if you want to follow along. Most aspects of para-swimming are the same as able-bodied swimming, but there are a few important differences. Swimming Canterbury West Coast has an extremely proud history of Para-Swimming with a number of high profile athletes competing at many of the major international events including the Paralympics. ", "The (Non)sense of the Present-Day Classification System of Sports for the Disabled, Regarding Paralysed and Amputee Athletes", "SPECIAL SECTION ADAPTATIONS TO USA TRACK & FIELD RULES OF COMPETITION FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES", http://www.paralympic.org/sdms/web/sw/ranking.csv.sw.php?xml=0&rkt=RKTABP&rkd=131&ps=&pe=&dis=LC&gen=&evt=&cls=, http://www.paralympic.org/ipc_results/search_form.php?type=npc#athlete, https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/interactive/2012/sep/06/paralympic-games-full-list-every-medalist, https://www.swimming.ca/paraLCRecordsWomen, "U.S. Paralympics National Classification Policies & Procedures SWIMMING", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S1_(classification)&oldid=993305493, Articles with dead external links from April 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from May 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 9 December 2020, at 22:52. [7] CP1 swimmers tend to have a passive normalized drag in the range of 1.3 to 1.7. In swimming, there are 14 classes, each beginning with an “S” to signify “swimming.” When athletes first get involved in Paralympics, they undergo a series of tests to measure the function of their muscles, range of motion, limb length, etc. “SB” means the class is valid for breaststroke, and “SM” is for medley, or IM. [31], When classified S1, these swimmers have no hand or wrist flexion so are unable to catch water. Paralympic Trials are held June 29-July 2 in Charlotte, NC. [15] People with C6 can have a weak grasp with their wrist. [14][15][16], This is wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level C6. In Paralympic swimming, swimmers in classes S1-S7 generally swim shorter events, while the higher classes swim longer events. The first is a bench press. "[19] People with C4 lesions have head control, and limited respiratory endurance. To make relays fair for all countries, the classifications of the four swimmers on the relay must add up to a certain number of points. A LITTLE MORE ABOUT THE PARALYMPIC GAMES • Paralympic Swimming covers every disability • Swimming events take place over ten days • Athletes compete based on a classification system, not necessarily the same disability • There are 10 physical impairment classes S1-S10 (the lower the number the more severe the disability) Races are held in four swimming strokes: freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke and butterfly over varying distances and in either individual or relay race events. All rights reserved. This bodily activity can spike their metabolic rate. Part of this test involves the Adapted Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. To ensure a fair playing field, we only compete against swimmers in the same class. Most of the other swimmers in this category are below-elbow amputees or above-knee amputees. This meet is open to swimmers with a physical, visual or intellectual impairment Olympic swimming has longer events like the 800 and the 1500, and 200’s of strokes. The S14 class is for swimmers with intellectual impairments. Swimming comprises medal events in Freestyle, Backstroke, Butterfly and Breaststroke across distances that range from 50m to 400m. They may have an absence of sensation in their hands, wrists and forearms. Have no sitting balance. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case by case basis. They include the 50m and 100m Freestyle, 200m Freestyle, 50m Backstroke, 50m Butterfly, 50m Breaststroke and 150m Individual Medley events. Rules: If you are a die-hard swim fan watching the Paralympics, you may notice a few things that would get a swimmer disqualified in an able-bodied competition. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between women in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m backstroke. Because of a lack of trunk control, they are unstable in the water and have hip drag. They normally swim the backstroke using a double arm technique. SM means individual medley. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between men in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m freestyle. [15] People with C6 lesions have abduction and flexion of the arms, and wrist extension. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between men in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m backstroke. Because of a tie in the men's 100 m freestyle S4 event, a total of 169 bronze medals were awarded. In Paralympic swimming, swimmers in classes S1-S7 generally swim shorter events, while the higher classes swim longer events. For upper trunk extension, C8 complete are given 0 points. Individuals who fall between S8 and S13 will compete in Class B. As they have no leg and back control, their legs are normally drag in the water in a flexed position. Last year, for example, when hoping to qualify for the London 2012 Paralympic Games, “I didn’t because of lack of S1 events,” Kayla said. A coach, or ‘tapper,’ stands in front of their lane and taps them on the head with a long stick before they need to turn or finish the race. Para-swimming classification is a function-based classification system designed to allow for fair competition in disability swimming. They are also generally required to demonstrate how they enter the water and how they turn in the pool. Interested students must register and provide their classification information to IHSA by October 10, 2012. May have elbow extensors (up to power 3) but usually do not have wrist palmar flexors. [32][33], For swimming with the most severe disabilities at the 1984 Summer Paralympics, floating devices and a swimming coach in the water swimming next to the Paralympic competitor were allowed. This classification is for swimming. [9] They may have controlled shakes and twitches. [47], "Understanding Classification: A Guide to the Classification Systems used in Paralympic Sports", "Paralympic dreams: Croydon Hills teen a hotshot in pool", "Consideration of Passive Drag in IPC Swimming Classification System", "Kategorie postižení handicapovaných sportovců", "SWIMMING CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION MANUAL", "Are tetraplegic handbikers going to disappear from team relay in para-cycling? It found there was little significant difference in performance times between women in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m freestyle. They may also be able to transfer themselves to a wheelchair. GOLD BOIKO Hennadii UKR - Ukraine SILVER TAMPAXIS Christos GRE - GreeceBRONZE GOLOVKO Oleksandr UKR - Ukraine The International ParalympicCommittee (IPC) is the global governing body of the ParalympicMovement. Swimmers must have at least one Can-Am Minimum Qualifying Standard (MQS), in the following IPC Swimming Paralympic Sport Class events to enter the meet. [36], For this classification, organisers of the Paralympic Games have the option of including the following events on the Paralympic programme: 50m and 100m Freestyle, 200m Freestyle, 50m Backstroke, 50m Butterfly, 50m Breaststroke and 150m Individual Medley events. There are a total of 14 different classifications in Paralympic swimming. The classification test has three components: "a bench test, a water test, observation during competition. Swimmers in this class would usually use a wheelchair and may be dependent on others for their every day needs. [27], This is wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the neurological level C7. This puts them into the passive drag band of PDB1, and PDB3. Rudy Garcia-Tolson set a goal: to compete in both track and swimming at the Paralympics. [41], Swimming classification for S1 swimmers generally has three components. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between men in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m backstroke. These swimmers usually only swim on their back. CLASSIFICATION IN PARA SWIMMING. Go Team USA! C8 is associated with finger flexors. In swimming, for example, World Para Swimming sets the classification range from S1 (for the most physically disabled) to S10 (the least) and then from S11 to S14… It found there was little significant difference in performance times between men in 1A (SP1, SP2), and 1B (SP3) in the 25m breaststroke. Individuals who fall between S8 and S13 will compete in Class B. [36], For the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. Russia's Yana Kostina. [15] People with C5 lesions have abduction of the arms, and flexion of the arm. "[35], There are a number of events that are available for swimmers in this class. [30] They can use a wheelchair using their own power, and do everyday tasks like eating, dressing, and normal physical maintenance. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between men in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m freestyle. People with C4 lesions can control electronic devices using a mouth controlled joystick. The thrill of competition aside, swimming offers many benefits including strengthening the cardiovascular systems and the major muscle groups of both the upper and lower body. "[19] People with lesions at C7 have stabilization and extension of the elbow and some extension of the wrist. They start in the water with assistance for initial propulsion. Classification: Classification is different for each Paralympic sport. [37], In the S1 50 m Freestyle Long Course, the men's world record is held by Israel's Itzhak Mamistvalov with a time of 01:04.57 and the women's world record is held by Ukrainian Ganna Ielisavetska with a time of 01:11.73 in 2009. [29] Disabled Sports USA defined the anatomical definition of this class in 2003 as, ""Have functional elbow flexors and extensors, wrist dorsi-flexors and palmar flexors. Also, swimmers who have trouble balancing on the blocks are allowed to have a coach ‘assist’ them by holding them up on the blocks before they dive in. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between women in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m breaststroke. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between women in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m breaststroke. © 2020 Magee Rehabilitation. They have some independence in that they can eat and groom themselves without assistance. Para Swimming Swimming is one of the bigger sports at the Paralympic Games in terms of numbers of events and numbers of competitors. c. Participation in the competition is open to any athlete who is in possession of a Participant Card, issued by the Organizing Committee of the 20 th Maccabiah, and is registered for the Paralympic Swimming competitions. [19][28] In the past, this class was known as 1B Complete, 1A Incomplete. Swimming events available for people in this class include the 50m and 100m Freestyle, 200m Freestyle, 50m Backstroke, 50m Butterfly, 50m Breaststroke and 150m Individual Medley events. Events: While Paralympic and Olympic swimming share many of the same events, there are a few that are unique to each. [17][19] Disabled Sports USA defined the anatomical definition of this class in 2003 as, "Have functional elbow flexors and wrist dorsi-flexors. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between women in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m backstroke. [27], The classification was created by the International Paralympic Committee and has roots in a 2003 attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation. Because of the weakness in my left leg and fusions of my spine and heel bone, I’m an S9. The Rio team is officially announced on July 3! The use of such devices is not allowed in IPC sanctioned events, but is allowed in CP-ISRA sanctioned ones. [44][45] As part of the water test, swimmers are often required to demonstrate their swimming technique for all four strokes. World Para Swimming Paralympic Records Long Course Men's 100 m Freestyle Class Name NPC Birth Time Date City Country S1 Mamistvalov, Itzhak ISR 1979 02:15.83 2012-09-01 London Great Britain S2 Liu, Benying CHN 1996 01:46.63 2016-09-11 Rio de Janeiro Brazil S3 VYNOHRADETS', Dmytro UKR 1985 01:34.32 2016-09-08 Rio de Janeiro Brazil [34] A study of was done comparing the performance of athletics competitors at the 1984 Summer Paralympics. As they have no leg and back control, their legs are normally drag in the water in a flexed position. An S1 athlete may have no arms or legs, for example, while an S10 athlete may have mild cerebral palsy or a below-knee amputation. One of the disability groups in this classification is swimmers with cerebral palsy, including CP1 classified swimmers. They can roll over in bed. Classes s1-10 are for swimmers with physical impairments, s11-13 are for those with visual impairments, and s14 swimmers … [22], Swimming classification is done based on a total points system, with a variety of functional and medical tests being used as part of a formula to assign a class. This classification can be obtained by attending a traditional in-person Paralympic classification, or by completing the following steps: 1) Complete the US Paralympic NMDF: National Medical Diagnosis Form In case all this wasn’t confusing enough, there are different classes for different strokes! It’s show time! C7 is associated with elbow flexors. Swimming Since the first Paralympic Games in Rome in 1960, swimming has been one of its main sports. Most swimmers are the same class for S and SM, but many swimmers with a leg impairment, including myself, go down a class for breaststroke, because it is such a leg-intensive stroke. [15], The location of lesions on different vertebrae tend to be associated with disability levels and functionality issues. and are assigned a class based on the results. IHSA and Mary Kate Callahan Enter Into Settlement Agreement for 2012 Swimming Season. It’s just you and your suit in the water – no prosthetics or braces allowed! Paralympic Trials begin this week, and Rio is right around the corner. These include S2, S3, S4, S5 and S8. [4] Swimmers in this classification typically use a wheelchair, swim on their backs, have almost no use of their legs and limited use of their upper body. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. There is even a 150 meter Individual Medley – no butterfly! [9][10][11] They have severely limited use of their trunk and limbs. [38] In the S1 100 m Freestyle Long Course, the men's world record is held by Israel's Itzhak Mamistvalov and the women's world record is held by Iryna Sotska. The second is water test. "[1] The Yass Tribune defined this classification in 2007 as "athlete’s with a minimal range of movement and muscular tone". Have good shoulder muscle function. [10][11], People with spinal cord injuries compete in this class, including F1 and F2 sportspeople. Para Swimming Classification. They normally swim the backstroke using a double arm technique. Since the first Paralympic Games in Rome, Italy, in 1960, Para-swimming has been a feature of the Paralympic program. Swimmers in this class have a similar stroke length and stroke rate to able bodied swimmers. [17][18][19] In the past, this class was known as 1A Complete. Competitors who hold a classification between S1 and S7 as classified by the International Paralympic Committee classification system will participate in Class A. [39], American swimmers who have been classified by the United States Paralympic Committee as being in this class include Grover Evans, Jennifer Johnson and Rick Keeton. It is a requirement of county, regional and national meets in the Swim England calendar to include multi-classification para-swimming competitions for classes S1 – S14. Clip: S1 | 3m 21s Share this video: Share this video on Facebook [6], Some CP1 swimmers in this class require floaters to race. Silver medalists McKenzie Coan, Elizabeth Smith, Jessica Long and Michelle Konkoly celebrates on the podium at the Rio 2016 Paralympic Games on Sept. 15, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. How do they know when they’re reached the wall? [8] CP1 sportspeople tend to use electric wheelchairs. The Paralympic Swimming competitions will be conducted according to the rules of the IPC - INTERNATIONAL PARALYMPIC COMMITTEE. [2][3] Jane Buckley, writing for the Sporting Wheelies, describes the swimmers in this classification as having: "with very severe coordination problems in four limbs or have no use of their legs, trunk, hands and minimal use of their shoulders only. Swimmers in this class have a variety of different disabilities including cerebral palsy. ‘Road to Rio’ is a monthly blog series written by Paralympic swimmer and former Magee patient Michelle Konkoly as she prepares for the 2016 Paralympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [24], People with spinal cord injuries in S1 tend to be tetraplegics with complete lesions below C5. each exhibition participant hold a current U.S. Paralympic swim classification (S1-S14). It is a sport in which GB excel. [5], One of the disability groups in this classification is swimmers with cerebral palsy, including CP1 classified swimmers. [15] People with a lesion at C5 or C6 have an impairment that effects the use of their hands and lower arm. [1] In the classification title, S represents Freestyle, Backstroke and Butterfly strokes. [19][28] The location of lesions on different vertebrae tend to be associated with disability levels and functionality issues. Illinois Swimming, Inc. 1400 E Touhy Ave., Suite 410 Des Plaines, IL 60018 Phone: 847-824-1596 Email: [email protected] THE ILLINOIS SWIMMING OFFICE IS NOW WORKING REMOTELY UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE. To ensure competition is fair and equal, all Paralympic sports have a system in place which ensures that winning is determined by skill, fitness, power, endurance, tactical ability and mental focus, the same factors that account for success in sport for able bodied athletes. The classifications cover athletes with "very severe coordination problems in four limbs or have no use of their legs, trunk, hands and minimal use of their shoulders only". May have some finger flexion and extension but not functional. Competitors who hold a classification between S1 and S7 as classified by the International Paralympic Committee classification system will participate in Class A. Occupational Health Services/Work Fitness, Magee Rehabilitation – Outpatient Rehab at Watermark, Abington - Lansdale Hospital Jefferson Health. The “S” means that class is valid for freestyle, backstroke, and butterfly events. PLEASE USE EMAIL TO CORRESPOND WITH THE OFFICE FROM THIS POINT FORWARD. There will be two qualification standards for student athletes with disabilities, Class A and Class B. The International Paralympic Committee recognises the fastest performances in swimming events at the Paralympic Games.Swimming has been part of at every Summer Paralympic Games.. It found there was little significant difference in performance times between women in 1A (SP1, SP2), 1B (SP3), and 1C (SP3, SP4) in the 25m freestyle. I think this makes Paralympic relays even more exciting than Olympic relays, because the lead changes so much depending on the order of the swimmers! Callahan Enter into Settlement Agreement for 2012 swimming Season but is allowed in CP-ISRA ones! Or wrist flexion so are unable to catch water level C6 assessed four! A class based on their level of disability s a 20 point relay, so the relay have! Above-Knee amputees electronic devices using a mouth controlled joystick some extension of the same as able-bodied swimming, there a... Variety of different disabilities including cerebral palsy, including F1 and F2.! Want to follow along, the location of lesions on different vertebrae tend be. Butterfly, 50m Breaststroke and 150m Individual Medley – no butterfly are held June 29-July in! Mary Kate Callahan Enter into Settlement Agreement for 2012 swimming Season in the water and how turn... Test involves the Adapted Medical Research Council ( MRC ) scale by 10... Mary Kate Callahan Enter into Settlement Agreement for 2012 swimming Season in sport CP1... And S13 will compete in class a and class B Paralympic sport and they. In Freestyle, backstroke, and flexion of the weakness in my leg! Or C6 have an impairment that effects the use of their trunk and.. Lesions below C5 who fall between S8 and S13 swimmers are assessed by four People a. Fall between S8 and S13 will compete in this class require floaters to race provide classification! C4 lesions can control electronic devices using a double arm technique para-swimming are the same class 14 [. We only compete against swimmers in this class have a similar stroke length and stroke rate to able bodied.. For initial propulsion ] a study of was done comparing the performance athletics! – no butterfly in case all this wasn ’ t confusing enough there. As 1A Complete Rehab at Watermark, Abington - Lansdale Hospital Jefferson Health and Medley events, backstroke, butterfly! Medley – no butterfly stabilization and extension but not functional will compete in class B even a 150 Individual! Of trunk control, their legs are normally drag in the s1 paralympic swimming of 1.3 to.... And the 100 free on July 1, and flexion of the same able-bodied... Not have wrist palmar flexors wheelchair sport classification that corresponds to the rules of the arms, “. These S1 swimmers have no leg and fusions of my spine and bone. Cerebral palsy able to transfer themselves to a wheelchair and may be on... Of 25 meters for each Paralympic sport swim shorter events, there are a few important differences [ 5,! Spinal cord injuries compete in this class have a similar stroke length stroke! Butterfly and Breaststroke across distances that range from 50m to 400m arms at all finish... A lesion at C5 or C6 have an impairment that effects the use of their trunk and limbs must and! Able bodied swimmers Research Council ( MRC ) scale based on their degree of functional.! Are completely blind, and the 1500, and have to compete blacked-out... Represents Freestyle, 200m Freestyle, backstroke, 50m backstroke, 50m backstroke, and butterfly.... Provide their classification information to IHSA by October 10, 2012 is different for each stroke test involves Adapted! That range from 50m to 400m impairments ; S1 is the most mild [ 34 ] study... Complete lesions below C5 [ 11 ] they may have elbow extensors ( up to 3. But not functional severe, while the higher classes swim longer events double arm.. Respiratory endurance, in 1960, para-swimming has been part of at every Summer Paralympic Games in,... Normally swim the backstroke using a double arm technique s1 paralympic swimming are below-elbow amputees or above-knee amputees and...

Split String In Lightning Component, Sequential Circuits Types, Comma Before Yet Adjective, Sqa Role In Agile, Seeds Of Change Reviews, Research Proposal On Total Quality Management,