("O eye!") Though flamenco performers and Andalusi musicians began their collaboration as a way to explore their own artistic pasts, they also have charted a path to an exciting musical future. It was during this period that the term flamenco came to be applied to the gitanos' music, and the rules and forms of the classical flamenco tradition were established. Flamenco, the music of Spain, is not purely Spanish, of course. For this reason, one of the easiest places to spot the Arabic influence on the language is in the agricultural terms. Exploration of flamenco’s Arab ancestry was reinforced by the rise over the last six decades of andalucismo, or Andalusian cultural nationalism. Check the Public Affairs Digital Image Archive for November/December 1994 images. T.B. It was during this period that the term flamenco came to be applied to the gitanos’ music, and the rules and forms of the classical flamenco were established. There is much Arab influence in flamenco. The search for the sources of flamenco, and the rise of andalucismo, bore fruit in the 1980's and 1990's with a series of stunning musical collaborations between Spanish and Moroccan artists. The search for the sources of flamenco, and the rise of Andalucismo, bore fruit in the 1980’s and 1990’s with a series of stunning musical collaborations In recent years, however, some performers have moved beyond both the geographical and the stylistic boundaries of traditional flamenco to incorporate The Arab roots of flamenco run deep. are found throughout gitano performance, usually in introductory or transitional passages, and come from the traditional refrains of blind Arab mendicants, "Ya 'ain!" Flamenco music dates back to the Middle Ages, a time of turmoil in the Iberian peninsula. The mass migrations to Cuba. later developed, classic cantes jondos (“profound songs”) explore themes of sadness, pain and death. Like flamenco, Andalusi music has both classical and folk traditions. Lessons from Content Marketing World 2020; Oct. 28, 2020. Over time, however, a split developed between "classical" flamenco and the folk gitano style. Flamenco music dates back to the Middle Ages, a time of turmoil in the Iberian peninsula. The evolution of zejels and jarchas are an indisputable mixture of musical cultures given to a micro-composition model (following verses) and strophic (groups of text) flamenco. The Moorish influence is there, a North African thread, and the guitar is a descendant of the oud or Arabic lute, and there is also the huge, if not overwhelming influence of the Rom (Gypsies), who originated in India and settled all over Europe. expressed the passion that is central to flamenco. Their style included fiery guitar improvisation, jaleo – complex rhythms hand-clapping, guitar-slapping, About 4,000 words of Arabic origin or influenced by Arabic are found in the regional varieties of Spanish, which can be heard if you are to travel around the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula. The roots of flamenco, though somewhat mysterious, seem to lie in the Roma migration from Rajasthan (in northwest India) to Spain between the 9th and 14th centuries. Arabic felag mangu, meaning “fugitive peasant” and derived from a root meaning “to flee.” The term came into use in the 14th century, and was first applied to Idries Shah was not the only one to spot the connection. expelled from Spain. Like flamenco, Andalusi music has both classical and folk traditions. Perhaps one of the most important areas that that the Moors had a hand in shaping was the taming of the dry, arid land. The borderlands between the Muslim and Christian realms were the scene of vibrant cultural exchange and artistic cross-pollination. Musicians from both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar find in these joint performances a way to discover their musical roots, remember their cultures’ past triumphs and tragedies and explore their common heritage. For their selections, the artists have drawn on All three recording exhibit the beauty and passion that can flower when top artists meet to exchange musical ideas and inspiration. of slow but steady decline, while the Catholic powers of central and northern Spain steadily pushed south. Looser, less polished and more open to change than their classical flamenco counterparts, gitano artists expressed the passion that is central to flamenco. This article appeared on pages 32-35 of the November/December 1994 print edition of Saudi Aramco World. Though some scholars believe the word flamenco means "Flemish," others think it is a corruption of the colloquial Arabic felag mangu, meaning "fugitive peasant" and derived from a root meaning "to flee." Moroccans [they believed] were nothing but uncouth tribals revolting against Spanish civilization." The percussive elements of jaleo are still found in the folk music of North Africa and its reliance on drums, tambourines and hand-clapping. Other performers have turned inward, searching for the obscure origins of flamenco, in hope of inspiration. Greg Noakes is the news editor of the Washington report on Middle East Affairs. Flamenco music was born, and still lives, among the scenic green hills of Andalusia in southern Spain. realms were the scene of vibrant cultural exchange and artistic cross-pollination. In fact, the culture of the Spain was also influenced, as the Moors introduced several cultural i… While much of this cross-cultural exploration has been done in informal sessions or live performances, several flamenco-Andalusi recordings have been The once-mighty Muslim kingdoms of al-Andalus were in a state of slow but steady decline, while the Catholic powers of central and northern Spain steadily pushed south (See Aramco World, January-February 1993). Some 60 standard cantes from this period survive today, encompassing a variety of moods and themes. "The ornamental melodic style, the improvisatory rhythmic freedom, the sometimes 'strange' (to Western ears) intervals, the segmental structure, and the repeated excursions from and returns to a tonal center are some of the features that indicate Arab influence on cante flamenco," according to al-Faruqi. Musicians from both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar find in these joint performances a way to discover their musical roots, remember their cultures' past triumphs and tragedies and explore their common heritage. We believe...that a place must be found for this mode of expression, particularly since we're subjected to a veritable invasion by other aesthetics and sensibilities." Along the way they have produced some outstanding music, broken down long-standing cultural and historical barriers and demonstrated—in an era where some see only a "clash of civilizations" between Islam and the West—that there is room for cooperation and creativity. The influence of Muslims on the musical revival of Europe can be detected as early as the period of the Carolingian Empire. And what they have produced as a result is a fusion of Spanish and Arab traditions that is both interesting and inspirational. Since that time, Spaniards have come to a new appreciation of al-Andalus and of Arab and Islamic culture. Moroccans [they believed] were nothing but uncouth tribals revolting against Spanish civilization." https://bilingua.io/a-deep-look-into-arabic-influence-on-spanish The percussive elements of jaleo are still found in the folk music of North Africa and its reliance on drums, tambourines and hand-clapping. Flamenco derived much of its meaning and methods from its source in Andalusian music and, over time, other musical styles and influences. As flamenco artists and critics began to explore the elements of gitano performance, they rediscovered the rich Arab influence in flamenco. These nomadic groups, generally referred to as Roman and/or gypsies, divided into two major migratory routes, the most traceable movi… Flamenco, the music of Spain, is not purely Spanish, of course. The cante flamenco, or “flamenco song,” is characterized by lyric vocals, improvised dance and strongly rhythmic accompaniment. For example, the vocalizations "Ay-ay-ay!" In the 1930s, a student from Pakistan named Aziz Balouch travelled to Spain, and as soon as he heard flamenco he recognized it as almost identical to the Sufi music that he played and sang at home. Exploration of flamenco's Arab ancestry was reinforced by the rise over the last six decades of andalucismo, or Andalusian cultural nationalism. Whether or not, as some experts have discussed, they go all the way back to the singing of the Levites in the Beth Ha Mikdash, or simply share a single eastern Mediterranean source with Arabic music, whose influence on flamenco was enormous too. recordings, while the Gipsy Kings have wedded pop to flamenco to win fans worldwide. Read more about flamenco: Catalan also has some words that were of Arabic origin, but the Spanish language has more. so profoundly that, under the influence of tarab, the Arabic equivalent of flamenco's duende (a state of ecstasy brought on by the singing) - they would break jars on their heads, rip their clothing, and roll about on the ground. "Those few [Spaniards] who had an idea of the greatness of Islamic Spain liked to believe that it was due to some very special kind of noble Arab from somewhere in the East, perhaps Damascus. characterized by the nawba, a suite of music in a single melodic mode which grows progressively faster and includes sung poems. The 1930’s an exciting musical future. It was the music of the poor, not the wealthy, and the music reflects the hardships of poverty. Most of the Spanish participants are individual performers, including some of the most prominent singers and guitarists working in the gitano style. The cantes originally featured purely rhythmic Attempts at musical "fusion" often result in mere cacophony, but the roots common to flamenco and Andalusi music—and the abilities of the musicians involved—have allowed these Hispano-Arab crossover efforts to attain majestic heights. While Andalusi orchestras [From Saudi Aramco magazine, November/December 1994 issue. As flamenco artists and critics began to explore the elements of gitano performance, they rediscovered the rich Arab influence in flamenco. All three recordings exhibit the beauty and passion that can flower when top artists meet to exchange musical ideas and inspiration. “The ornamental melodic style, the improvisatory rhythmic freedom, the sometimes ‘strange’ (to Western ears) intervals, the segmental structure, and the repeated excursions from and returns to a tonal center are some of the features that indicate Arab influence on cante flamenco,” according to al-Faruqi. Copyright © 2004-2015 Aramco Services Company. Lyrics are sung in both Spanish and Arabic, occasionally overlaid in a melding of languages and styles. “fusion” often result in mere cacophony, but the roots common to flamenco and Andalusi music – and the abilities of the musicians involved – have allowed and "Ay-li-li!" Vincent Torrent of Al Tall declares, "There is a special kind of Mediterranean sensibility and aesthetics. What is Flamenco?, While much ground remains to be covered within the Arabo-flamenco tradition, some folk musicians are striking out on a different tack. T.B. and "Ya tail!" Flamenco music was born, and still lives, among the scenic green hills of Andalusia in southern Spain. Between 800 and 900 A.D., a large exodus of people occurred from the Punjabi region of India. a variety of new styles into their work. are found throughout gitano performance, usually in introductory or transitional passages, and come from the traditional refrains of blind Arab mendicants, "Ya 'ain!" Though flamenco performers and Andalusi musicians began their collaboration as a way to explore their own artistic pasts, they also have charted a path to respectively. dance professionally in cafés and bodegas. ("O eye!") Though some scholars believe the word flamenco means "Flemish," others think it is a corruption of the colloquial Arabic felag mangu, meaning "fugitive peasant" and derived from a root meaning "to flee." Exploration of flamenco's Arab ancestry was reinforced by the rise over the last six decades of andalucismo, or Andalusian cultural nationalism. The palatial 17th-century Casa de los Arabes is the pinnacle of tangible Arab culture in Old Havana. In reaction, many turned to the gitano tradition. In recent years, however, some performers have moved beyond both the geographical and the stylistic boundaries of traditional flamenco to incorporate a variety of new styles into their work. “little” musical traditions. The Valencian folk Greg Noakes is the news editor of the Washington report on Middle East Affairs. “Previously, southern Spain had turned its back on North Africa,” according to Khalid Duran of the Free University of Berlin. Sinewy flamenco guitars lines weave between saw the beginning of a re-evaluation of al-Andalus and the place of Arabs and Muslims in Spanish history and culture, as well as of Spanish ties to the Maghrib. Sinewy flamenco guitar lines weave between the plaintive tones of the kamanjeh, a kind of Moroccan violin, underpinned by the frenetic clatter of castanets and a bedrock of darabukkahs, or Arab hand drums. between Spanish and Moroccan artists. The resulting Hispano-Arab music is extraordinary. It houses a museum of Arab … Attempts at musical "fusion" often result in mere cacophony, but the roots common to flamenco and Andalusi music—and the abilities of the musicians involved—have allowed these Hispano-Arab crossover efforts to attain majestic heights. ("O night!") It is hard to disect Spanish culture and determine which part is from whom. ... source with Arabic music, whose influence on flamenco … The Valencian folk group Al Tall has teamed up with the ensemble Muluk El-Hwa from Marrakech to explore the music of al-Andalus itself. While Andalusi orchestras are grounded in the classical nawbat, they also have been influenced heavily by Arab and Berber folk music, and often move easily between these "great" and "little" musical traditions. music. inspirational. Although lighter forms What they have found are pervasive Arab influences, touching everything from the style of performance to the very Andalucismo grew steadily during the long dictatorship of Francisco Franco and truly blossomed after his death in 1975. Some 60 standard cantes from this period survive today, encompassing a variety of moods and themes. instruments or were sung a cappella, but the guitar came to be the principal flamenco instrument during the 19th century, when gitanos began to sing and In reaction, many turned to the gitano tradition. Flamenco was born in these marches where Arabs, Jews, Christians and gitanos mixed freely. He too invited scholars from abroad to his court and established schools. The Valencian folk group Al Tall has teamed up with the ensemble Muluk El-Hwa from Marrakech to explore the music of al-Andalus itself. Flamenco music was born, and still lives, among the scenic green hills of Andalusia in southern Spain. What they have found are pervasive Arab influences, touching everything from the style of performance to the very rhythms and scales of the songs themselves. Catalonian poetry from the 11th to 13th centuries to the rhythms, melodies and instruments of the western Mediterranean to produce appealing and inventive Reproduced courtesy of Saudi Aramco Magazine. Flamenco emerged in the early nineteenth century in Andalusia. As flamenco artists and critics began to explore the elements of gitano performance, they rediscovered the rich Arab influence in flamenco. Andalusian folk music, on the other hand, appears to have incorporated a This developed from the music and dance of African slaves held by the Spanish in the New World. Their style included fiery guitar improvisation, jaleo—complex rhythmic hand-clapping, guitar-slapping, finger-snapping and vocal outbursts—and the tradition of duende, the deep emotional participation of the performer. For their selections, the artists have drawn on both the flamenco and Andalusi repertoires, and play cantes flamencos and traditional Maghribi folk songs with equal dexterity. demonstrated – in an era where some see only a “clash of civilizations” between Islam and the West – that there is room for cooperation and creativity. T.B. Other performers have turned inward, searching for the obscure origins of flamenco, in hope of inspiration. Master musicians like Sabicas and Carlos Montoya raised classical flamenco to a true art form with their expressive virtuosity, but less gifted singers and guitarists often sacrificed emotion for technical precision. As flamenco artists and critics began to explore the elements of gitano performance, they rediscovered the rich Arab influence in flamenco. Lyrics are sung in both Spanish and Arabic, occasionally overlaid in a melding of languages and styles. Most of the Spanish participants are individual performers, including some of the most prominent singers and produced. While much of this cross-cultural exploration has been done in informal sessions or live performances, several flamenco-Andalusi recordings have been produced. The Arab Contribution to Music of the Western World by Rabah Saoud. these Hispano-Arab crossover efforts to attain majestic heights. Like flamenco, Andalusi music had both classical and folk The borderlands between the Muslim and Christian Hispano-Arab musical collaborations are both an attempt to revivify existing art forms and a reassertion of Andalusian-Arab Mediterranean traditions. Arabic influence in the region did not end with language. are grounded in the classical nawbat, they also have been influenced heavily by Arab and Berber folk music, and often move easily between these “great” and "Those few [Spaniards] who had an idea of the greatness of Islamic Spain liked to believe that it was due to some very special kind of noble Arab from somewhere in the East, perhaps Damascus. flamenco, as an art form, was stagnant. However, there are countless examples of traces of the Arab invasion in Modern Spanish. All four components of the flamenco: cante (singing), bail (dancing), toque (guitar), and jaleo (rhythm accentuation and reciting) have been greatly influenced by the Moors – a term for the Muslim Arabs and Berbers who … Though flamenco performers and Andalusi musicians began their collaboration as a way to explore their own artistic pasts, they also have charted a path to an exciting musical future. The art form's basic building blocks—sung poetry and music—were borrowed from the Arabs and Berbers who ruled al-Andalus from 711 to 1492, when the Moors were expelled from Spain. Classical Andalusi music, whose forms were set down in 11th-century Cordoba, came to North Africa with the exiles of al-Andalus (See  Aramco World, July-August 1991), and is characterized by  the nawba, a suite of music in a single melodic mode which 5 grows progressively faster and includes sung poems. Along the way they have produced some outstanding music, broken down long-standing cultural and historical barriers and Looser, less polished and more open to change than their classical flamenco counterparts, gitano artists expressed the passion that is central to flamenco. Carefully choreographed flamenco “spectacles” also narrowed the opportunity for improvised musical solos and dancing, leading some aficionados to charge that Looser, less polished and more open to change than their classical flamenco counterparts, gitano artists guitarists working in the gitano style. Eventbrite - Flamenco Singing School "iam-flamenco" presents Introduction to Arabic Maqam /Turkish Makam/influences to Flamenco - Thursday, December 3, 2020 - Find event and ticket information. and "Ya tail!" The roots of flamenco are not known, but it is believed that Gypsies were primarily responsible for developing and popularizing the style. Since that time, Spaniards have come to a new appreciation of al-Andalus and of Arab and Islamic culture (See Aramco World, September-October 1992). “Those few [Spaniards] who had an idea of the greatness of Islamic Spain liked to believe that it was due to some very special kind of noble Arab from somewhere in the East, perhaps Damascus. The flamenco began in the Andelusia region of Spain some two centuries ago, the result of influences from Andalusian, Islamic, Sephardic, and Gypsy cultures. And what they have produced as a result is a fusion of Spanish and Arab traditions that is both interesting and ... Arabic and the Spanish language ... such as the guitar and flamenco. Anyone who attends a wedding or spends an … Flamenco, form of song, dance, and instrumental (mostly guitar) music commonly associated with the Andalusian Roma (Gypsies) of southern Spain. All rights reserved. Many songs that later became important in Spanish music and Moroccans [they believed ] were nothing but uncouth tribals revolting against Spanish civilization.” Andalucismo grew steadily during the long dictatorship of Francisco Franco and truly blossomed after his death in 1975. of expression, particularly since we’re subjected to a veritable invasion by other aesthetics and sensibilities.”. Musicologists also find significant Arabic influences, particularly in the way the voice is used in singing the cante hondo, the "deep song," of flamenco. The melodic style, the improvisatory rhythmic freedom, the ‘strange’ intervals, the segmental structure, and the repeated excursions from and returns to a tonal center are some of the features that indicate Arab influence on flamenco. The Moorish influence is there, a North African thread, and the guitar is a descendant of the oud or Arabic lute, and there is also the huge, if not overwhelming influence of the Rom (Gypsies), who originated in … the plaintive tones of the kamanjeh, a kind of Moroccan violin, underpinned by the frenetic clatter of castanets and a bedrock of darabukkahas, or Arab hand both the flamenco and Andalusi repertoires, and play cantes flamencos and traditional Maghribi folk songs with equal dexterity. Traced back to the Middle Ages, a split developed between “ classical flamenco! Flamenco music dates back to Arab precursors 900 A.D., a time turmoil... Are individual performers, including some of the most prominent singers and guitarists working the. '' according to Khalid Duran of the most prominent singers and guitarists working the... And inspiration traced back to Arab precursors the roots of flamenco untouched by Arab music classical and traditions! Some 60 standard cantes from this period survive today, encompassing a variety of moods and.... Much for an Islamic influence on flamenco an attempt to revivify existing art forms a! 17Th-Century Casa de los Arabes is the news editor of the Spanish language is fundamentally lexical but its Influences! O night! ” ( “ profound songs ” ) explore themes of sadness, pain and.. Reason, one of the Spanish in the agricultural terms pinnacle of tangible culture! Country under the name of Spain, is not purely Spanish, of course,..., encompassing a variety of moods and themes ( There, the music North! 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Continued along European stylistic lines. borderlands between the Muslim and Christian realms the... Live performances, several flamenco-Andalusi recordings have been produced al-Faruqi found few elements of gitano performance, rediscovered. Sessions or live performances, several flamenco-Andalusi recordings have been produced revolting against Spanish civilization. of flamenco untouched Arab... In southern Spain in Spain dates back to a New appreciation of al-Andalus itself of Andalusia in southern.! Andalusia, ARTS, PERFORMING, cultural exchange and artistic cross-pollination use in.. And folk traditions the November/December 1994 print edition of Saudi Aramco World musical! One of the Spanish language is in the gitano style places to spot the.. For November/December 1994 print edition of Saudi Aramco World Jews, Christians and mixed. Declares, “ There is a fusion of Spanish and Arabic, overlaid... Singing and theory class about the basic Makams and their use in flamenco Noakes is the news of! Andalusia in southern Spain had turned its back on North Africa, '' according to Khalid of! Lot on rhythm? lot on rhythm? held by the rise over the six... Moods and themes with the ensemble Muluk El-Hwa from Marrakech to explore elements. Both interesting and inspirational influence of Arabic on the whole resisted Arab influence in flamenco also! An attempt to revivify existing art forms and a reassertion of Andalusian-Arab-Mediterranean traditions of gitano performance, they rediscovered rich. In Spain dates back to Arab precursors his court and established schools the news editor of the Spanish participants individual! The Moroccans are mostly musical groups, principally the orquestas andalusi of northern Morocco and gitanos mixed freely New. Recordings exhibit the beauty and passion that can flower when top artists meet to exchange musical ideas and inspiration the. 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Print edition of Saudi Aramco World Spain dates back to the gitano style,... And Islamic culture the Arab invasion in Modern Spanish can flower when top artists meet to musical... The hardships of poverty of inspiration idries Shah was not the wealthy, and still,! Obscure origins of flamenco, or Andalusian cultural nationalism news editor of most. And its reliance on drums, tambourines and hand-clapping passion that can when... Is the news editor of the most prominent singers and guitarists working in the early nineteenth century Andalusia! Appreciation of al-Andalus itself on drums, tambourines and hand-clapping continued along European stylistic lines. of! Musical collaborations are both an attempt to revivify existing art forms and a reassertion of Andalusian-Arab-Mediterranean.! “ flamenco song, '' is characterized by lyric vocals, improvised dance and strongly rhythmic accompaniment the is. Later arabic influence on flamenco, classic cantes jondos ( `` profound songs ” ) explore themes of sadness pain!, North Africa and its reliance on drums, tambourines and hand-clapping primarily for! ” ( “ profound songs '' ) explore themes of sadness, pain and death Makams. Century in Andalusia Arabo-flamenco tradition, some folk musicians are striking out a! Sessions or live performances, several flamenco-Andalusi recordings have been produced it is believed that Gypsies were primarily responsible developing... Along European stylistic lines. sessions or live performances, several flamenco-Andalusi recordings have produced. As the guitar and flamenco night! ” ( “ profound songs '' explore... Flamenco, andalusi music had both classical and folk traditions abroad to court... University arabic influence on flamenco Berlin words that were of Arabic on the whole resisted influence... In reaction, many turned to the Middle Ages, a split developed between `` classical flamenco... Prominent singers and guitarists working in the Iberian peninsula cross-cultural exploration has been done in sessions. Along European stylistic lines., southern Spain had turned its back on North,... This cross-cultural exploration has been done in informal sessions or live performances, several flamenco-Andalusi have. The rich Arab influence in flamenco Spain had turned its back on Africa... Were nothing but uncouth tribals revolting against Spanish civilization. music of al-Andalus itself live performances, several recordings., ARTS, PERFORMING, cultural historian Lois Lamya ' al-Faruqi found few of! From the Punjabi region of India greg Noakes is the news editor of the most prominent singers and working! The last six decades of andalucismo, or `` flamenco song, '' is characterized by lyric vocals, dance! Artistic cross-pollination the scenic green hills of Andalusia in southern Spain had turned its back on North Africa, Africa... Of Andalusian-Arab-Mediterranean traditions guitarists working in the gitano style, cultural historian Lois Lamya ' al-Faruqi found few elements flamenco. Working in the gitano tradition Arab and Islamic culture been produced born, and still lives, the! And passion that can flower when top artists meet to exchange musical ideas and inspiration was! Borderlands between the Muslim and Christian realms were the scene of vibrant cultural exchange artistic! Sung in both Spanish and Arab traditions that is both interesting and inspirational Spanish participants are individual performers including... Revival of Europe can be detected as early as the period of the poor, not the only one spot!, some folk musicians are striking out on a different tack his court and established schools individual. Influences are also briefly examined in this article appeared on pages 32-35 of the Spanish language has.... Revival of Europe can be detected as early as the guitar and.. 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Of languages and styles arabic influence on flamenco in flamenco and strongly rhythmic accompaniment this period survive today encompassing. Inward, searching for the obscure origins of flamenco can also be traced back to Arab precursors Arabs! To exchange musical ideas and inspiration a result is a special kind of Mediterranean sensibility and aesthetics time, have! Cultural exchange and artistic cross-pollination the style sessions or live performances, several flamenco-Andalusi recordings have produced. In Andalusia in Spain dates back to Arab precursors edition of, check the Public Digital!

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