Studies of economic growth often refer to “general purpose technology” (GPT), “infrastructure,” and “openness” as keys to improving productivity. ", Boyan Jovanovic & Peter L. Rousseau, 2001. Research Policy, 31(8), 1305–1315. International Congress on Environmental Modeling and Software, 262, 200–212. In M. Teubal, D. Foray, M. Justman, & E. Zuscovitch (Eds. The modern drivers of productivity. Electrification was more broadly adopted, whereas IT seems to be technologically more "revolutionary." On the demand side, all GPTs—whether implemented through infrastructure or not—enable a wide variety of productive uses and generate substantial spillovers to the rest of the economy. -- "Electricity and Information Technology (IT) are perhaps the two most important general purpose technologies (GPTs) to date. Can Technology Improvements Cause Productivity Slowdowns? We analyze how the U.S. economy reacted to them. Industrialization and the big push. Electricity and information technology (IT) probably are the two most important GPTs so far. Liao, H., Wang, B., Li, B., & Weyman-Jones, T. (2016). Both GPTs were widely adopted, but electricity's adoption was faster and more uniform over sectors.3. Hess, C., & Ostrom, E. (2003). Aschauer, D. A. Frischmann, B., & Selinger, E. (2018). (2009). ", Elhanan Helpman & Manuel Trajtenberg, 1996. Other GPTs, like the steam engine and the computer, seem to be in a different group that is more modular and open by nature. PubMed Google Scholar. Ostrom, V., & Ostrom, E. (1977). Spillovers and network neutrality. Law and Contemporary Problems, 66(1/2), 111–145. ), Alternatives for delivering public services: Toward improved performance (pp. ", repec:ucp:bknber:9780226304557 is not listed on IDEAS, Wiggins, Steven N & Raboy, David G, 1996. (2011). Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through Research Policy, 38(4), 681–693. volume 50, pages469–488(2020)Cite this article. While we are primarily focused on positive third-party effects, we note that negative effects are also possible, for example when transportation infrastructure facilitates illegal movements of goods or when Internet infrastructure facilitates divisive or mental-health-impairing forms of social media. ", Timothy F. Bresnahan & Manuel Trajtenberg, 1992. 87–116). http://voices.washingtonpost.com/posttech/NetPioneersLettertoChairmanGenachowskiOct09.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-020-09642-w. The Electricity and IT eras are similar, but also differ in several important ways. - 31.7.144.155. Information asymmetries and the rights to exclude. He defines a transforming GPT according to the four criteria listed below: Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. National Research Council. Past surges in productivity were driven by general-purpose technologies (GPTs) like electricity and the internal combustion engine. You can help correct errors and omissions. Science, technology and innovation for economic growth: Linking policy research and practice in ‘stig systems’. Infrastructure: The social value of shared resources. Ideas, artifacts, and facilities: Information as a common-pool resource. One could have a non-working copy of Excel even without a computer, just as one could have a non-working car without an internal combustion engine. All-purpose, water-based spotter fortified with hydrogen peroxide. ", Peter L. Rousseau & Boyan Jovanovic, 2004. Thus the steam engine and the electric motor may have … ", Bartel, Ann P & Lichtenberg, Frank R, 1987. No 4148, NBER Working Papers from National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc Abstract: Whole eras of technical progress and economic growth appear to be driven by a few key technologies, which we call General Purpose Technologies (GPT's). This term seems to have been first used by Vint Cerf, David Reed, Stephen Crocker, Lauren Weinstein and Daniel Lynch in an Oct. 2009 letter to then FCC Chairman Julius Genochowski supporting network neutrality: http://voices.washingtonpost.com/posttech/NetPioneersLettertoChairmanGenachowskiOct09.pdf. ", General Purpose Technologies: "Engines of Growth". Lipsey, R., Carlaw, K., & Bekar, C. (2005). General purpose technologies. Frischmann, B. M., & Lemley, M. A. ", Jeremy Greenwood & Boyan Jovanovic, 2000. Our main findings are:1. ", Claudia Goldin & Lawrence F. Katz, 1999. Infrastructure studies meet platform studies in the age of Google and Facebook. A GPT has the potential to affect the entire economic system and can lead to far-reaching changes in such social factors as working hours and constraints on family life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ", Boyan Jovanovic & Peter L. Rousseau, 2008. Information distribution and the growth of economically valuable knowledge: A rationale for technological infrastructure policies. An empirical test for general purpose technology: An examination of the cohen–boyer rdna technology. If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. ", John Laitner & Dmitriy Stolyarov, 2003. Big data, artificial intelligence, and various emerging smart technological assemblages have been described both as GPTs and infrastructure. NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1996, Volume 11, Decomposing Learning by Doing in New Plants, Diffusion of General Purpose Technologies, Technological Change and the Stock Market, Productivity and Changes in Ownership of Manufactoring Plants, Effects of Corporate Diversification on Productivity, The Comparative Advantage of Educated Workers in Implementing New Technology, Time Paths in the Diffusion of Product Innovations, http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookseriesdescription.cws_home/BS_HE/description, Jovanovic, Boyan & Rousseau, Peter L., 2005. Telecommunications Policy, 38(8–9), 662–673. Murphy, K. M., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1989). We analyze how the U.S. economy reacted to them. For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Haili He). International Journal of Industrial Organization, 30(5), 403–416. Hostility in Takeovers: In the Eyes of the Beholder? Bresnahan, T. F., & Trajtenberg, M. (1995). FCC. Plantin, J.-C., Lagoze, C., Edwards, P. N., & Sandvig, C. (2016). It has been argued that GPTs differ from others by possessing a wider scope for continuous improvement and elaboration, on the one hand, and higher complementarity, on the other. Problems of industrialisation of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. (2007). (2005). In E. S. Savas (Ed. However, if the label “infrastructure” is seen as implying social or regulatory obligations (more like “public utility”), facility owners might resist it. ", Boyan Jovanovic & Peter L. Rousseau, 2005. Increasingly there are field-of-use restrictions in licensing agreements that legally “tether” the technology to certain uses (Schuett 2012). Public capital and economic growth: Issues of quantity, finance, and efficiency. For managers deciding on technology strategy, this classification will come too late. Diffusion of general purpose technologies. ", Frank R. Lichtenberg & Donald Siegel, 1987. ". In M. Teubal, D. Foray, M. Justman, & E. Zuscovitch (Eds. General purpose technologies 'Engines of growth'? A general purpose technology or GPT is a term coined to describe a new method of producing and inventing that is important enough to have a protracted aggregate impact. Research Policy, 44(2), 357–369. The history of earlier general-purpose technologies demonstrates that even with short-term dislocations, reorganizing the economy around revolutionary technologies generates huge long-term benefits. Both were accompanied by a rise in "creative destruction" and turbulence as measured by the entry and exit of firms, by mergers and takeovers, and by changing valuations on the stock exchange.In sum, Electrification spread faster than IT has been spreading, and it did so more evenly and broadly over sectors. The evolution of price discrimination in transportation and its implications for the internet. Productivity growth in the two GPT eras tended to be lower than it was in other periods, with productivity slowdowns taking place at the start of the two eras and the IT era slowdown stronger than that seen during Electrification.2. In E. Helpman (Ed. (2009). We have seen the wide-ranging impact of other general purpose technologies such as railroads, electricity, telecommunications, and information technologies like … 2010 open internet order. Ostrom, E. (1990). Helpman, E. (1998). Thus the steam engine and the electric motor may have played such a role in the past, whereas semiconductors and computers may be doing as much in our era. requiring Facebook to detect factually incorrect information). London: Edward Elgar Publishing. Business Overview "Zebra Technologies Corp" of Lincolnshire, IL 60069 operates primarily in SIC Code 3599 - Industrial and Commercial Machinery and Equipment, Not Elsewhere Classified and NAICS Code 333999 - All Other Miscellaneous General Purpose Machinery Manufacturing.Zebra Technologies Corp is a large-sized business with high revenue, that is well-established in its industry. & Yorukoglu,M., 2002. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. Helpman, E., & Trajtenberg, M. (1998). Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy. 191–208). (2015). ", Bahk, Byong-Hong & Gort, Michael, 1993. Our definition includes multipurpose and single-purpose technologies, defining them according to their micro-technological characteristics, not their macro-economic effects. Crafted to give students a more panoramic vision than they yet possess, the core curriculum guides students to subjects and pursuits they may not otherwise choose to investigate f… This does not negate a role for public policies. New Media & Society., 20, 293–310. Carlaw, K. I., & Lipsey, R. G. (2002). ", Michele Boldrin & David K. Levine, 1999. Safe on all carpets, including wool. General Purpose Technologies "Engines of Growth?" Introduction. Some GPTs, like railroads and the Internet, fit common notions of infrastructure and spawn debates about openness, such … Studies of economic growth often refer to “general purpose technology” (GPT), “infrastructure,” and “openness” as keys to improving productivity. These negative third-party effects can lead both to call for policing while keeping the system open (the usual response with roads) or to calls for the system to be made less open (e.g. General purpose technologies in theory, application and controversy: A review. ", Elhanan Helpman & Manuel Trajtenberg, 1994. ", Boyan Jovanovic & Peter L. Rousseau, 2000. Stronger protection or technological revolution: what is behind the recent surge in patenting? As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to look for a different version below or search for a different version of it. General contact details of provider: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookseriesdescription.cws_home/BS_HE/description . Applications Software Technology, LLC 1755 Park Street, Ste 100 Naperville, IL 60563 1.888.278.0002 www.astcorporation.com GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION Authorized Information Technology Schedule Pricelist General purpose commercial information technology equipment, software and services SIN 132-50 – Training Courses Gets out tough stains, even the old ones! With respect to national and regional economic growth, Gramlich (1994, p. 1177) defines infrastructure as “large capital-intensive natural monopolies such as highways, other transportation facilities, water and sewer lines, and communication systems,” and Grimes (2014, p. 333) expands it to “capital-intensive investments that service multiple users.” Frischmann (2012) develops the idea of infrastructural resources that are a special type of public good that has three characteristics.

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