The remainder of Yazdegerd's army was defeated at the Battle of Oxus River and retreated across the Oxus to Transoxiana. Iranian peoples are people who speak Iranian languages and belong to the Indo-European family. From Rey, Nu'aym moved north towards Tabaristan, south of the Caspian Sea. [43] The siege continued for a few months before the city surrendered. Umar acquiesced, appointing Mugheera ibn Shuba as commander of the forces concentrated at Medina, and Nouman ibn Muqarrin as commander-in-chief at Nahavand. Akram. Finally, Abu Bakr hoped that by attacking Iraq and Syria he might remove the danger from the borders of the Islamic State. Thereafter, a Muslim force under Qa'qa marched in pursuit of the escaping Persians at Khaniqeen, 25 kilometres (15 mi) from Jalawla on the road to Iran, still under the command of Mihran. Nu'aym then marched 240 kilometres (150 mi) northeast towards Qom, which was captured without much resistance. He has sent me for the guidance of all people so that I may warn them all of His wrath and may present the unbelievers with an ultimatum. While Heraclius prepared for a major offence in the Levant, Yazdegerd ordered the concentration of massive armies to push the Muslims out of Mesopotamia for good through a series of well-coordinated attacks on two fronts. The work of Iranians can be seen in every field of cultural endeavor, including Arabic poetry, to which poets of Iranian origin composing their poems in Arabic made a very significant contribution. This catastrophe has been cited by some as reason for the Persian language becoming widespread throughout Central Asia and large parts of the Middle East. Another important theme of Pourshariati's study is a re-evaluation of the traditional timeline. Yazdegerd III was merely 8 years old when he came to the throne and, lacking experience, did not try to rebuild the army. [13] Rapid turnover of rulers and increasing provincial landholder (dehqan) power further diminished the Sassanids. [74] During this period, Iran saw the development of massive metropolises, some reaching population numbers of up to 200,000 people. [11] Moreover, the powerful northern and eastern Parthian families, the Kust-i Khwarasan and Kust-i Adurbadagan, withdrew to their respective strongholds and made peace with the Arabs, refusing to fight alongside the Sasanians. Rey was already in Muslim hands and Nishapur surrendered without resistance. Cite There were three purposes for this conquest. In the wake of Khalid's demise, Umar appointed Abdullah ibn Uthman as commander of the Muslim forces for the invasion of Isfahan. After the Ridda wars, a tribal chief of northeastern Arabia, Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha, raided the Persian towns in Mesopotamia (what is now Iraq). Meanwhile, Hamadan and Rey had rebelled. Although al-'Ala' and the rest of the Arabs had been ordered to not invade Fars or its surrounding islands, he and his men continued their raids into the province. Upon his return, he received news of the assembling of a large Persian army. In 635 Yazdgerd III sought an alliance with Emperor Heraclius of the Eastern Roman Empire, marrying the latter's daughter (or, by some traditions, his granddaughter) in order to seal the arrangement. It stretched from what is now northeastern Iran, northwestern Afghanistan and southern Turkmenistan. [28] Saad left Medina with his army in May 636 and arrived at Qadisiyyah in June. Iran has religious leadership in the Arab world, with many of the main seats of Shia scholarship. Umar ordered Ahnaf to stand down and instead consolidate his power south of the Oxus. The bloodshed goes back not 31/2 years, but 5,000. The Lakhmids also revolted against the Persian king Khusrau II. Caliph Umar ordered a full invasion of the Sasanian empire in 642, which led to the complete conquest of the Sasanians around 651. Arabs speak Arabic and all varieties of Arabic; Persians speak Iranian languages and dialects. From Bab, on the western coast of the Caspian Sea, Bukair continued his march north. The most significant work was probably that of Arthur Christensen, and his L’Iran sous les Sassanides, published in Copenhagen and Paris in 1944.[9]. The Battle of Nahavand was one of the most decisive battles in Islamic history and proved to be the key to Persia. The Muslim conquest of Persia, also known as the Arab conquest of Iran,[2] led to the fall of the Sasanian Empire of Iran (Persia) in 651 and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion. In 651, Nu'aym ibn Muqaarin, Nu'man's brother, marched northeast to Rey, Iran, about 320 kilometres (200 mi) from Hamadan, and laid siege to the city, which surrendered after fierce resistance. The conquest of Iranian Azerbaijan started in 651,[49] part of a simultaneous attack launched against Kerman and Makran in the southeast (described above), against Sistan in the northeast and against Azerbaijan in the northwest. After the accession of Uthman ibn Affan as the new Rashidun Caliph on 11 November, the inhabitants of Bishapur, under the leadership of Shahrag's brother, declared independence, but were defeated. The Difference: Persians vs Arabs; Iranians vs Semites. Khosrau II was executed in 628 and as a result, there were numerous claimants to the throne; from 628 to 632 there were ten kings and queens of Persia. From Nishapur, Ahnaf marched to Herat in western Afghanistan. However, Estakhr failed to put up a strong resistance, and was soon sacked by the Arabs, who killed over 40,000 defenders. It belongs to what scholars call the Indo-Iranian group of languages. Umar appointed Habib ibn Muslaima to capture Tiflis, Abdulrehman to march north against the mountains and Hudheifa to march against the southern mountains. The similarity is a bit like that between English and French. However, the inhabitants of the city would later rebel in 649/650 while its newly appointed governor, 'Abd-Allah ibn 'Amir, was trying to capture Gor. During Abu Bakr's era, Khalid ibn al-Walid had left Mesopotamia with half his army of 9000 soldiers to assume command in Syria, whereupon the Persians decided to take back their lost territory. It also spreads from Central Asia to the Caucasus in the north and finally to the Persian Gulf in the south. [3] At that time, a series of battles between the Persians and Arabs occurred in the region of Sawad, such as Namaraq, Kaskar and Baqusiatha, in which the Arabs managed to maintain their presence in the area. Arabs are identified on the basis of their language, culture, and genealogy. “Arab” is a word which has had many meanings over the past centuries. These factors contributed to the decisive Sassanid defeat at the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah. Arabic includes all different varieties of Arabic. [46] He then seized more land in the province. The Persians then withdrew to Hulwan. Further northeast was Khurasan, and southeast lay Sistan. To ensure victory, Abu Bakr made two decisions concerning the attack on Persia: first, the invading army would consist entirely of volunteers; and second, to put his best general, Khalid ibn al-Walid, in command. [17] This assertion has been brought under scrutiny by some modern historians of Islam—notably Grimme and Caetani. [30] This victory is largely regarded as a decisive turning point in Islam's growth: with the bulk of Persian forces defeated, Saad with his companions later conquered Babylon (Battle of Babylon (636)), Kūthā, Sābāṭ (Valashabad) and Bahurasīr (Veh-Ardashir). However, before Umar could issue the reappointment order, Khalid died in Emesa. However, most mentions of Iran in the news focus on some of the many problems the country is facing, such as its controversial nuclear program, undemocratic government, and harsh gender divide. The Muslim invasion of Fars began in 638/9, when the Rashidun governor of Bahrain, al-'Ala' ibn al-Hadrami, having defeated some rebellious Arab tribes, seized an island in the Persian Gulf. However, Hormuzan later broke the treaty, leading Umar to send Abu Musa Ashaari, governor of Busra, to deal with him. Peace will be upon him who follows the guidance. Umar adopted a different approach to the command structure. [32] Qa'qa sought permission to operate deeper in Persia, but Umar rejected the proposal, writing in response: I wish that between the Suwad and the Persian hills there were walls which would prevent them from getting to us, and prevent us from getting to them. The History of Al-Tabari: The Challenge to the Empires, Translated by Khalid Yahya Blankinship, Published by SUNY Press, 1993, The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. Arabs are people who can trace their ancestry to the original inhabitants of tribes of Arabia who lived in the Syrian Desert and Arabian Peninsula; Persians are a part of the Iranian peoples who belong to the Indo-European family. Persian, predominant ethnic group of Iran (formerly known as Persia).Although of diverse ancestry, the Persian people are united by their language, Persian (Farsi), which belongs to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. The purpose of this strategy was to allow commanders to mix with their soldiers and to remind them that they are like everyone else: command is only given to the most competent, and, once the battle is over, the commander returns to his previous position. [24] The tribal chiefs, with 2,000 warriors each, joined him, swelling his ranks to 18,000. In a sense, Iranian Islam is a second advent of Islam itself, a new Islam sometimes referred to as Islam-i Ajam. This horrified Aparviz, who, in order to spare the inhabitants of Sakastan from the Arabs, made peace with them in return for a heavy tribute of 1 million dirhams, including 1,000 slave boys (or girls) bearing 1,000 golden vessels. [33] The fertile Suwad is sufficient for us; and I prefer the safety of the Muslims to the spoils of war. The assassination is often seen by historians as a Persian conspiracy,[41] masterminded by Hormuzan. Arab people, or Arabs, are those people who inhabit the Arab world. [53] Finally, in 651, Yazdegerd III, the last Sassanid emperor, was killed near Merv by a local miller for his purse,[54] thus putting an end to both his dynasty and to organized Persian resistance. Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman was assigned Azerbaijan. Al-'Ala quickly prepared an army which he divided into three groups, one under al-Jarud ibn Mu'alla, the second under al-Sawwar ibn Hammam, and the third under Khulayd ibn al-Mundhir ibn Sawa. Azerbaijan then surrendered to Caliph Umar, agreeing to pay the annual jizya. Umar, having found out about al-'Ala's invasion of Fars, had him replaced with Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas as governor. The subdistricts were called tasok in Middle Persian, which was adopted into Arabic as tassuj (plural tasasij). Though considerably weakened, the image of the Persian Empire as a fearsome superpower still resonated in the minds of the newly-ascendant Arabs, and Umar was wary of unnecessary military engagement with it, preferring to leave the rump of the Persian Empire alone, commenting, "I wish there was a mountain of fire between us and the Iranians, so that neither they could get to us, nor we to them. Umar ordered his army to retreat to the Arabian border and began raising armies at Medina for another campaign into Mesopotamia. Nimisha Kaushik. And everywhere from Iraq all the way down to Yemen, there are ties of family, language and business. B0006RTNB4. Both perceptions are of course valid, depending on one's angle of vision... Iran was indeed Islamized, but it was not Arabized. In 648, 'Abd-Allah ibn al-'Ash'ari forced the governor of Estakhr, Mahak, to surrender the city. Ch:16, The Muslim Conquest of Persia By A.I. [61] It is reported that Zoroastrians were subjected to humiliation and ridicule when paying the jizya in order to make them feel inferior.[62]. 643, Uthman ibn Abi al-As seized Bishapur, which signed a peace treaty. Persian did everything to maintain their language when Egypt and other countries from north of … The Suwad, the Tigris valley, and the Euphrates valley were now under complete Muslim control. The internal political situation quickly deteriorated after the execution of King Khosrow II in 628 AD. In fact, although Arabs had established hegemony over most of the country, many cities rose in rebellion by killing the Arab governor or attacking their garrisons. Umar decided to personally take the army concentrated at Medina to Nahavand to assume overall command. [50] From Zanjan, Hudheifa marched to Ardabil which surrendered peacefully. Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman was appointed commander of the forces of Kufa, and was ordered to march to Nahavand. Some time later, Uthman ibn Abi al-As managed to establish a military base at Tawwaj, and soon defeated and killed Shahrag near Rew-shahr (however, other sources state that al-'As's brother did this). Nu'man III (son of Al-Monder IV), the first Christian Lakhmid king, was deposed and killed by Khusrau II in 602, because of his attempt to throw off Persian suzerainty. However, the third group was more fortunate: Khulayd managed to keep the defenders at bay, but was unable to withdraw to Bahrain, as the Sassanians were blocking his way to the sea. [15] It contributed to the fall of the Sasanian Empire. [40] Umar appointed the best available and well-reputed commanders for the campaign.[39][41]. The Khan of Farghana, realizing that fighting against the Muslims might endanger his own kingdom, withdrew from the alliance and pulled back to Farghana. Next, Abu Musa marched against Junde Sabur, the only place left of military importance in the Persian province of Khuzistan, which surrendered to the Muslims after a siege of a few weeks. Qa'qa defeated the Persian forces in the Battle of Khaniqeen and captured the city. “Arab world” is considered to be located in North Africa and Western Asia; Persians are those people who inhabit the Iranian Cultural Continent which includes the Iranian Plateau to the Indus River of Pakistan in the east to Turkey in the West. According to Thomas Walker Arnold, for the Persian, he would meet Ahura Mazda and Ahriman under the names of Allah and Iblis. Thus war elephants had lost their effectiveness on the battlefield. The existing Sassanid administrative structure proved inadequate when faced with the combined demands of a suddenly expanded empire, economy, and population. Uthman ibn Affan (644–656) succeeded Umar as caliph. And if you refuse to accept Islam, you will be responsible for the sins of the Magi. The Arab conquests: 7th century: One of the most dramatic and sudden movements of any people in history is the expansion, by conquest, of the Arabs in the 7th century (only the example of the Mongols in the 13th century can match it). Its presence in Iran is a result of African contact in the Persian Gulf region and the Arab migration. and updated on September 24, 2012, Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects, Difference Between Data Mining and Data Warehousing, Differences Between the Kurds and the Turks, Difference Between Social Norm and Market Norm, Difference Between Collectivist and Individualistic Culture, Difference Between Collectivism and Individualism, Difference Between Vitamin D and Vitamin D3, Difference Between LCD and LED Televisions, Difference Between Mark Zuckerberg and Bill Gates, Difference Between Civil War and Revolution. 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